Siento que esta en ingles,, pero no tengo tiempo de traducirlo:
Puedo pasarlo por el traductor y mandarlo otra vez,,, pero estara faltal sin
correguirlo,,,, pedirmelo y lo hare,,OK

Press Releases

Research And Observations That Support The Existence Of A Craniosacral System
Upledger


by JOHN E. UPLEDGER Copyright © 1995 by UI Enterprises

J. E. Upledger, D.O., O.M.M., is a Certified Fellow of the American Academy of
Osteopathy, an Academic Fellow of the British Society of Osteopathy, and a
Doctor of Science, Medicina Alternativa. He is the Medical Director of The
Upledger Institute, Inc., a center dedicated to continuing education, research
and clinical services in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida.

Abstract CranioSacral Therapy is a gentle, non-invasive, hands-on treatment
modality that is said to enhance self-healing abilities as well as provide
symptomatic relief from a wide variety of dysfunctions and disabilities. The
treatment system is dependent upon the existence of a newly discovered
physiological system that has become known as the craniosacral system.

In the present article, the author has reviewed much of the theoretical
background and research that support the existence of the craniosacral system.
The research summarized here represents work that the author has either personal
knowledge or involvement.

The author concludes that positive patient outcomes as a result of CranioSacral
Therapy should weigh greater than data from designed research protocols
involving human subjects, as it is not possible to control all of the variables
of such studies.

Key words: CranioSacral Therapy, craniosacral system, Pressurestat model.
CranioSacral Therapy is a gentle, hands-on system of treatment that rapidly is
gaining wider usage and acceptance. The basis of CranioSacral Therapy lies in
the existence of a craniosacral system. This physiological system is newly
discovered and, as such, its existence is frequently called into question.

As one who is considered a leading proponent of the use of CranioSacral Therapy
and who has been deeply involved in researching the craniosacral system, I feel
qualified to present the following summary of the research that has been done to
provide a better understanding of the craniosacral system and its implications
in human health and dysfunction. Research aside, countless numbers of patients
who have achieved improved health through CranioSacral Therapy will attest to
the validity of the modality.

First, I will list some of the work in which I was not directly involved, but
has been brought to my attention either by the researchers themselves or by
other colleagues with whom I am acquainted. Then I will recount some of the work
in which I have been personally involved.

Research In Which I Have No Direct Involvement

1. Recording of Cranial Rhythmic Impulse

Milicien Tettambel, D.O., et al.

Journal of the American Osteopathic Association

Volume 78, October 1978, Page 149

Dr. Tettambel used force transducers taped one across the frontal bone and one
across each of the two mastoid processes of the temporal bones on 30 subjects
ranging in age from 16 to 71 years.

She successfully recorded three separate rhythms on all of these subjects. The
cardiac pulses and the respiratory rhythms were clearly recorded. A third pulse
was also recorded at an average of 8 cycles per minute. She presumed that the
third rhythm represented the cranial rhythmic impulse.

2. Louis Rommeveaux, D.O.

Personal Communication

He informed me by personal letter that he employed an electronic engineer to
build a device that he mounted on 48 different subjects. The device was attached
longitudinally with one end taped to the skin over the glabella and the other
end to the skin over the nasal bones. His device measured and recorded movement
between its two attachments.

Rommeveaux stated that significant rhythmical movement was recorded on all 48
subjects at rates between 5 and 10 cycles per minute.

He also stated that he monitored craniosacral activity on 36 patients in the
hospital at the time they were given peridural anesthesia. He stated that his
perception was that the craniosacral rhythm underwent a complete stop at exactly
the time the anesthetic injection commenced. The halt in rhythm persisted for
about five minutes before it began again.

This latter work is subjective and will be disregarded by some. However, those
of us who do CranioSacral Therapy have learned to trust our hands and so may
give his impressions credence. For me, this trust of my senses began while I was
a research fellow in biochemistry. My mentor, Stacy F. Howell, Ph.D., convinced
me that when the laboratory findings did not confirm my physical findings with a
given patient, I should suspect laboratory error and trust what I hear, see
and/or feel.

3. A Study of Rhythmic Motions of the Living Cranium

Viola M. Frymann, D.O.

Journal of the American Osteopathic Association

Volume 70, No. 9, May 1971

Dr. Frymann and a mechanic devised equipment that was intended to measure and
record circumferential changes of the head as well as cardiac and respiratory
rhythms. She successfully demonstrated a third rhythm that appeared to be
independent of heart rate and breathing activity. She interpreted this third
rhythm, which ranged between 6 and 12 cycles per minute, to be the activity of
the craniosacral system.

4. Studies of the Structures and Mechanical Properties of the Cranium

Jean-Claude Herniou, D.O., Ph.D.

This work was Herniou's doctoral thesis at the Universite de Technologie de
Compiegne in Paris, France. Herniou practices in Paris. He visited me while I
was still in the Biomechanics Department at Michigan State University, College
of Osteopathic Medicine. He also attended several of the seminars I presented in
France. I have a copy of his thesis in French.

In brief, Dr. Herniou was able to apply equipment that measured the
piezo-electric changes across the sagittal sutures in live sheep. His work
showed a rhythmical opening and closing of these sutures at an average rate of
12 cycles per minute. The range of motion never exceeded 1 millimeter. This work
was carefully scrutinized for its scientific merit by Herniou's doctoral
committee.

5. Ultrasonic Measurement of Intra-Cranial Pulsations at 9 Cycles Per Minute

Wallace, Avant, McKinney and Thurstone at Winston-Salem, North Carolina

Journal of Neurology, 1975

The investigators reported an apparently independent 9-cycle-per-minute
intracranial pulsation observed by ultrasound in the brain and membrane tissues
of a human subject.

6. Modulation Resembling Traube-Hering Waves Recorded in Human Brain

Jenkins, Campbell and White

European Neurology, 5:1-6, 1971

Ultrasound echo pulsations were observed at 7 cycles per minute in a healthy
human subject. These pulsations continued without change when the subject held
his breath.

Traube-Hering pulsations are usually measured on the ear. When the investigators
observed the Traube-Hering pulsations on the ear they differed significantly
from the 7-per-minute pulsations of the brain. The authors conclude that the
7-per-minute brain pulsations are autonomous and not related to cardiac,
respiratory and/or Traube-Hering pulsations.

7. Dysfunctioning of the Fluid Mechanical Cranio Spinal Systems as Revealed by
Stress/Strain Diagrams

K. Lewer Allen, M.D., Neurosurgeon

E.A. Bunt, M.D., Neurosurgeon

Drs. Allen and Bunt both practice neurosurgery in Johannesburg, South Africa.
The above paper was presented by Dr. Bunt at the 1979 International Conference
on Bioengineering and Biophysics in Jerusalem. I presented the Pressurestat
Model as the driving force for craniosacral motion at this same conference.
After my lecture, Dr. Bunt personally invited me to attend his presentation and
have a conversation afterward. At his presentation and in our subsequent
discussion, Dr. Bunt informed me that during his search for the etiology of
idiopathic hydrocephalus, he did several tomographic studies of the skull, the
brain, and the brain's ventricular system.

In his tomographic studies of the ventricular system, the image cut was such
that it gave a two-dimensional display of the lateral and third ventricles. He
noted that there was a rhythmical dilation and contraction activity with a range
of about 40 percent in the area seen on the tomograms. In a normal adult woman,
the rate of the rhythmical ventricular change was 8 cycles per minute. In a
child with idiopathic hydrocephalus, the rate of ventricular cyclic changes was
4 cycles per minute and irregular. During our private conversation, Dr. Bunt
ventured to say that he intuited that the cause for idiopathic hydrocephalus
might be found in the sagittal suture or the sagittal venous sinus. He further
stated that the Pressurestat Model that I had presented made perfect sense to
him and fit in with his observations as a neurosurgeon. This last part is
conjecture but I choose not to discount Dr. Bunt's 20-plus years of experience
as a neurosurgeon just because he has not done a controlled study. This is my
own bias: I respect human intelligence more than I respect experimental design
and instrumental measurements. I subscribe to the Heisenberg principle. In fact,
Jon E. Vredevoogd and I have witnessed it in action. This caused us to discard a
rather large quantity of data from electrical measurements that we had made on
autistic children.

8. Roentgen Findings in the CranioSacral Mechanism

Philip E. Greenman, D.O.

Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 70:1, September 1970

X-ray studies of the relationships between the sphenoid body and the basiocciput
were done on 25 patients by Dr. Greenman. He was able to show abnormal
relationships between these bones that demonstrated the lesions defined by
Sutherland as flexion, extension, torsion, sidebending, vertical strain and
lateral strain. No correlation was attempted with clinical symptoms. Therefore,
the x-ray findings could represent anatomical variants as well as abnormal
findings.

9. Changes in Magnitude of Relative Elongation of the Falx Cerebri During the
Application of External Forces on the Frontal Bone of an Embalmed Cadaver

Dimetrios Kostopoulos, M.A., P.T

George Keramidas

Journal of Craniomandibular Practice, January 1992

This work was carried out by the investigators at the New York University
Anatomy Laboratory. The investigators made use of instrumentation that measured
piezo-electric changes related to distance changes in the falx cerebri in
response to measured anteriorly directed traction on the frontal bone. Results
showed that an elastic response began at 140 grams frontal bone traction. At 642
grams the elastic response ended and viscous changes began. At 642 grams of
frontal bone traction the falx cerebri elongated 1.097 mm within the 5 cm
distance spanned by the measuring device.

10. The Effects of Cranial Manipulation Upon Ryodoraku Acupuncture Meridians

Robert Chadwick, D.O.

This is a piece of unpublished work that was turned in to me as part of the
required research experience by a graduate student at Michigan State University.

Dr. Chadwick used the classical Japanese Ryodoraku electrical measurement
methods to evaluate acupuncture meridian millivoltages before and after the
application of CranioSacral Therapy. Dr. Chadwick found that on 10 patients,
without exception, CranioSacral Therapy moved all meridian imbalances toward the
desired balance.

11. Measurement of Accuracy in the Bimanual Perception of Motion

Richard M. Roppel, Ph.D., Normal St. Pierre, B.S., Fred L. Mitchell, Jr., D.O.

Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, Volume 77, February 1978

Dr. Roppel, et al., designed and built an artificial device similar to an open
clam shell in which the two halves were moved by controlled plungers in order to
roughly mimic parietal bone motion as it is hypothesized in CranioSacral Therapy
in the human skull.

Dr. Roppel created 10 different computer programs that were applied to the
plungers, thus moving the artificial parietal bones according to variations in
motion pattern, motion amplitude, symmetry and asymmetry of motion, rate per
minute, and speed of motion programs. The mock-up was then covered with
quarter-inch-thick foam rubber in order to simulate the scalp tissues that cover
human skull bones.

With their hands in place on the mockup, the examiners made voice recordings of
their motion perceptions into a recorder that was synchronized with the
computer-governed motion programs. The purpose was to discover the thresholds of
manually perceptible motion of the simulated parietal bones through the foam
cover.

Dr. Roppel's reported conclusions were:

(1) Accuracy of perception was inversely related to time delay in reporting.
This suggested that the longer the examiner thought about a perception, the less
likely he would render a correct report.

(2) The more rapidly the simulated parietal bones moved, the more accurate the
reports of the perceived motion would be.

(3) Examiners could detect movement of between 0.25 and 0.50 millimeters with
85percent accuracy.

(4) Some lay persons (secretaries in the Biomechanics Department) gave more
correct responses about motion than did M.D. and D.O. students and faculty.

12. Parietal Bone Mobility in the Anesthetized Cat

Thomas Adams, Ph.D., et al.

Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, Volume 92, Number 5, May 1992

Dr. Thomas applied strain gauges across the surgically exposed sagittal sutures
in living cats. He recorded rhythmic motion across the sutures with the cats at
rest that differed from cardiovascular and respiratory activity. Externally
applied stimuli did not significantly change the sutural activity. The rates of
sutural movement averaged 11 cycles per minute.

13. Right Brain, Left Brain Asymmetry

Norma J. Gilmore, Ed.D.

ACLD Newsbriefs, July-August 1982

Dr. Gilmore performed the Upledger-designed 10-Step CranioSacral Therapy
Protocol on 20 learning disabled children once weekly for six weeks. She reports
that all 20 learning-disabled children improved from below average to either
average or good in their reading skills over the six-week period.

Dr. Gilmore has had no medical or pre-medical training. She learned to apply the
10-Step Protocol by rote. She is living proof that, when properly taught,
CranioSacral Therapy can be applied effectively to needy children by a person
who lacks any type of healthcare background. Dr. Gilmore performed the
CranioSacral Therapy as "Upledger Relaxation Technique."

14. Relation of Disturbances of CranioSacral Mechanisms to Symptomatology of
Newborns: Study of 1250 Infants

Viola M. Frymann, D.O.

Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, Volume 65, June 1966

Dr. Frymann evaluated 1,250 newborn infants, focusing on craniosacral system
function. She found that both respiratory and circulatory symptoms correlated to
abnormal sphenobasilar synchondrosis torsion accompanied by temporal bone
dysfunction and immobility. Frymann states that symptoms abated when
CranioSacral Therapy was used to correct the sphenobasilar torsion, and mobilize
and balance the temporal bones.

15. Physical Findings Related to Psychiatric Disorders

John M. Woods, D.O., Rachel M. Woods, D.O.

Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, Volume 60, August 1961

Drs. Woods used manual palpation techniques to evaluate 102 psychiatric patients
and 62 normal persons. The average rate of craniosacral rhythm in the 62 normal
persons was 12.47 cycles per minute. In the 102 psychiatric patients the average
rate was 6.7 cycles per minute. Two patients who had received frontal lobotomies
were also evaluated. These frontal lobotomy patients presented with craniosacral
system rates of 4 cycles per minute.

Investigations by Dentists Dentists have also contributed to the body of work
done to investigate the existence of a craniosacral system and rhythm. Two
dentists who have reported their results to me have been participants in
seminars that I have conducted. They are Barry Libin, D.D.S., M.S.D., and
Karsten Gunnergaard, D.D.S. Ernest G. Baker, D.D.S., has also published a
research project, but I do not know him personally. I know of his work through
Fred Mitchell, D.O., and Ernest W. Retzlaff, Ph.D.

1. Occlusal Changes Related to Cranial Bone Mobility

Barry Libin, D.D.S., M.S.D.

International Journal of Orthodontics, Volume 20, Number 1, March 1982

Dr. Libin reports that he has changed the transverse dimension across the
maxillae as measured at the second molars by 2 and sometimes 3 millimeters using
CranioSacral Therapy.

2. Karsten Bunnergaard, D.D.S.

Personal Communication

Karsten Gunnergaard, D.D.S., practicing in Hamburg, Germany, described to me his
use of a device that made use of the "Hall (Gold Leaf) Effect" to measure
craniosacral rhythmical activity across the maxillary arch. He recorded an
average rate of 12 cycles per minute on four different patients. He estimated
the amplitude of the range of motion across the maxillary arch at 1.5
millimeters with the patient at rest in the dental chair.

The "Hall Effect" is described in most introductory physics textbooks and in
science dictionaries and encyclopedias.

3. Alteration in the Width of the Maxillary Arch and its Relation to Sutural
Movement of Cranial Bones

E.G. Baker, D.D.S.

Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, Volume 70, February, 1970

Dr. Baker built a device that measured width of the maxillary arch by attaching
to the second upper molars. His work demonstrated a 9-cycle-per-minute average
of a rhythmical 1.5 millimeter average variance in maxillary arch width on one
patient.

4. The Colorado Board of Medical Examiners vs. W. M. Raemer, D.D.S.

Court of Appeals, State of Colorado, Case No. 87CA1589

March 22, 1990

The unanimous ruling of the Appellate Court in favor of W. M. Raemer, D.D.S.,
states that CranioSacral Therapy is an effective form of treatment for TMJ
dysfunction. As such, it was ruled that dentists in Colorado are allowed to use
CranioSacral Therapy for treatment in the scope of their practice.

Research In Which I Am Personally Involved My involvement in the development of
CranioSacral Therapy began in 1970. Since that time I have worked at one time or
another rather closely and intensely with Ernest W. Retzlaff, Ph.D.
(physiology), Richard W. Roppel, Ph.D. (biophysics) and Zvi Karni, Ph.D.
(biophysics) and D.Sc. (bioengineering). Jon Vredevoogd, M.F.A., with whom I
co-authored the first textbook on CranioSacral Therapy, is a problem-solving
designer who works as a professor in the Architectural Design Department at
Michigan State University. The other three researchers were all members of the
Department of Biomechanics.

I shall describe my work in the field of CranioSacral Therapy and its
development in a chronological manner so you can see how one step builds upon
the next.

1970-I saw the craniosacral system in action first-hand while serving as first
assistant on a neurosurgical procedure. I saw the intact dura mater at the
mid-cervical level bulge and retract rhythmically at the operative site as the
volume of cerebrospinal fluid that it contained increased and decreased 8 times
per minute. No one in the operating room could answer the questions that this
observed activity posed. The 8-cycle-per-minute rhythm was different from the
breathing of the patient as observed in the breathing apparatus he was connected
to, and it was far different from the heart rate as seen on the monitor.

1972-I attended a five-day course on cranial osteopathy sponsored by the Cranial
Academy. I felt the rhythm I had seen in 1970 with my own hands on both the
skull and the sacrum of at least 10 different classmates. I could also feel this
rhythm in my own head and pelvis while they were being palpated by other
students and faculty.

I had the advantage of having actually seen the system in action about which the
teachers were offering hypotheses and conjecture. Now my problem was whether I
should believe my eyes, my memory of what my eyes had seen, my senses of touch
and proprioception in my hands and my sense of motion in my own head and pelvis
or whether I should believe Gray's Anatomy, the "Bible" from which I had been
taught. Gray's said that what I was feeling was impossible. My own sensory
systems said that Gray's was in error. I chose to trust myself.

1972-1975-I developed my palpation skills and confidence by trying various
methods of manipulating and connecting with what we would one day call the
craniosacral system. A neurosurgeon friend, Dr. James Tyler, allowed me to scrub
with him several times as first assistant and to practice my hands-on techniques
on his first-day, post-operative brain surgery patients. Dr. Tyler felt that the
work I was doing with his patients decreased both their morbidity and their
recovery time. I also did a lot of work combining the cranial manipulation
techniques with acupuncture for Dr. Tyler's intractable pain patients. I found
that what we would come to name CranioSacral Therapy was very effective in
trigeminal neuralgia, a wide variety of headaches, visual disturbances and
strabismus, transient cerebral ischemia, vertigo and dysequilibria problems and
in some cases of "mental retardation."

July 1975-I joined the faculty at Michigan State University, College of
Osteopathic Medicine as a clinician-researcher in the Department of
Biomechanics.

1975-1980-I worked with Dr. Retzlaff on the histology of cranial sutures. Using
tissues from living patients ages 7 through 57, we found that the capability for
motion was present within the suture. The suture contains an abundance of
collagen and elastic fiber, vascular networks that communicate with the
Haversian Canals of the bone and non-myelinated nerve fiber networks and
receptors. Sutures from living patients were not calcified as was the belief of
anatomists. The appearance of calcification came post-mortem and with the use of
preservative chemicals.

The publications that resulted from this work are:

1. Possible Functional Significance of Cranial Bone Sutures. Retzlaff, Upledger,
Mitchell, Biggert. Presented to 88th Session, American Association of
Anatomists; 1975.

2. Structure of Cranial Bone Sutures. Retzlaff, Upledger, Mitchell, Biggert.

Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. Vol. 75, February 1976.

3. CranioSacral Mechanism. Retzlaff, Roppell, Becker, Upledger.

Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. Vol. 6, December 1976.

4. Sutural Collagenous Bundles and Their Innervation in Saimic Scureus.
Retzlaff, Upledger, Mitchell, Biggert. Anatomical Record. 187, April 1977.

5. Nerve Fibers and Endings in Cranial Sutures. Retzlaff, Upledger, Mitchell,
Biggert. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. Vol. 77, February
1978.

6. Aging of Sutures in Humans. Retzlaff, Upledger, Walsh and Mitchell.
Anatomical Record. Vol. 193, No. 3, March 1979.

7. Light and Scanning Microscopy of Neuroaxis in Human Cranial Sutures and
Associated Structures. Retzlaff, Mitchell, Upledger, Vredevoogd and Walsh.
Anatomical Record. Vol. 196, No. 3, March 1980.

8. Sutures of Primates Including Man. Retzlaff and Upledger. Presented to AOA
Research Conference; 1981.

9. The Cranium and Its Sutures. Retzlaff, Ernest W., Ph.D. (Ed.) and Mitchell,
Fred L., Jr., D.O. (Ed.). Springer Verlag, 1987.

1975-Unpublished work with Roppel and Retzlaff involved the use of live monkeys.
I made two small incisions through the scalp of an anesthetized monkey over each
parietal bone equidistant from the sagittal midline. One antenna was mounted in
an analogous position on the external periosteal surface of each parietal bone.
Dr. Roppel then broadcast a radio signal across the two antennae, the frequency
of which varied with the distance between the two antennae. Using this setup, we
were able to record a separate craniosacral motion in the anesthetized monkey
that was different in cyclic rate than either the recorded breathing or the
heart rate.

I was able to interrupt the craniosacral rhythmical activity by applying slight
pressure with one finger to the monkey's coccyx. We repeated this experiment on
three different monkeys. The craniosacral rhythm of the monkeys fluctuated
between 8 and 10 cycles per minute. All craniosacral activity on all three
monkeys was interruputible by the above mentioned coccygeally placed finger tip
pressure.

Clinically, I began to apply this concept to headache patients. A significant
number of headaches could be commenced by coccygeal pressure in an anterior
direction and relieved by moving the coccyx posteriorly.

1976-As we continued the basic science work with sutures and membranes, I
decided that I should begin the pursuit of the clinical application of
CranioSacral Therapy. I had done significant work with children prior to moving
to Michigan State University, so I decided to begin with an interrater
reliability study with nursery school children. I designed a 19-parameter
hands-on standardized evaluation tool that would be used to evaluate these
children by three other examiners and myself.

Twenty-five nursery school children were examined on each of the 19 parameters.
The parameters did not include the rate or the amplitude of the craniosacral
rhythm because we knew then, as we know now, that rate and amplitude are
variable with examiner touch, intention, sharing of energy and spontaneous still
points. We were looking for agreement or disagreement on significant restricted
areas of the craniosacral system and its sutures. Our parameters were as
follows:

Occiput

1. Right restriction of motion

2. Left restriction of motion

Temporal Bones

3. Right restriction of motion

4. Left restriction of motion

Sphenobasilar Joint

5. Restriction toward flexion

6. Restriction toward extension

7. Side bending rotation restriction toward right

8. Side bending rotation restriction toward left

9. Torsion restriction toward right

10. Torsion restriction toward left

11. Compression/decompression restriction

12. Lateral strain restriction toward right

13- Lateral strain restriction toward left

14. Vertical strain restriction toward right

15. Vertical strain restriction toward left

Sacrum

16. Restriction toward flexion

17. Restriction toward extension

18. Restriction toward right torsion

19. Restriction toward left torsion

The rating system employed is as follows:

Easy or "normal" response to induced passive motion

Moderate or transient restriction to induced passive motion

Severe or complete restriction to induced passive motion

Increments of 0.5 were allowed on the rating scale.

The other three examiners were Dr. Gastman, to whom I taught CranioSacral
Therapy; Dr. Ward, who began learning cranial osteopathy in 1972 at the same
workshop I did; and Dr. Mitchell, who began learning cranial osteopathy in the
early 1960s. His techniques for evaluation and treatment were different than my
own.

Dr. Gastman evaluated 11 of the children I evaluated. With 0 rating variance
allowed, Gastman and I agreed 72 percent of the time. With 0.5 rating variance
allowed, we agreed 92percent of the time. In total, we both examined 209
parameters blinded to each others' results, and we agreed on 192 of these
parameters, given a 0.5 rating allowance variance. Given no rating allowance
variance, we agreed on 149 of 209 ratings. This is remarkably good agreement for
a subjective test with small, wiggling children.

Dr. Ward evaluated eight of the children I evaluated. We agreed 77 percent of
the time with no rating variance allowed, and 88 percent of the time with 0.5
rating variance allowed. Simple arithmetic says that with 77 percent agreement
when exact agreement was required, Dr. Ward and I agreed exactly 117 times out
of a possible 152. If we allow a 0.5 rating variance, Dr. Ward and I agreed on
133 out of 152 parameters.

Dr. Mitchell examined six of the children I examined. This means that we
mutually evaluated 114 parameters of motion. At no allowance for variance, we
agreed on exactly 74 out of 114 parameters, and on 84 out of 114 parameters at
0.5 rating variance allowed.

In the aggregate at zero allowance for rating variance, we agreed 71percent of
the time, and 85 percent of the time if we allow a 0.5 rating variance. One of
the parameters that reduced our percent of agreement significantly was left
sacral torsion. Mitchell and I agreed here only 17 percent of the time.

The purpose of this work was to evaluate agreement/disagreement on clinically
significant restrictions. We had seen and felt the craniosacral system's
activity; we knew of its existence. In my judgment the research showed that
skilled craniosacral clinicians could find significant restrictions in the
craniosacral system and that these restrictions are real. We did count cranial
rhythmic impulses as well as heart and respiratory rate, but we only counted
each for 15 seconds and multiplied by 4 to get the rates per minute. We counted
and recorded these rates on each therapist and child before the evaluation
began.

In the interest of science or experimental design, all of the evaluators were
blind to the others' findings. All rating data were reported directly to a
technician who recorded these reported findings on standard forms. The
technician asked for each parameter rating as it appeared on the form. In this
way all examiners followed the same examination sequence.

Once all the children were evaluated, the raw data were given directly to Eric
Gordon, Ph.D., an independent statistician. None of the examiners were
privileged to see the data before Dr. Gordon performed his treatment, analysis
and organization of the raw numbers.

This piece of research, entitled "The Reproducibility of CranioSacral
Examination Findings: A Statistical Analysis" by John E. Upledger, D.O.,
F.A.A.O., was first published in The Journal of the American Osteopatic
Association in August 1977, 76:890-899. This is a refereed journal. It was
selected for republication in the 1977 yearbook of the American Academy of
Osteopathy. It was then republished in another osteopathic publication, Clinical
Cranial Osteopathy: Selected Readings, edited by Richard A. Feely, D.O., 1988.

Dr. Feely was Clinical Associate Professor of Family Medicine at the Chicago
College of Osteopathic Medicine at the time. He also chose to publish another of
our research articles in that volume. The article, summarized below, is
"Mechano-electric Patterns During CranioSacral Diagnosis and Treatment" by John
E. Upledger, D.O., and Zvi Karni, Ph.D., D.Sc. This work was published
originally in the Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, Volume 78, in
July 1979.

I used the above-reported reproducibility work as a stepping stone toward the
next research that I conducted as the solo examiner of 203 public school
children. The 19-parameter standardized evaluation protocol had, in my opinion,
proven its worth. The next step was to get into the public school system in
order to examine a sample of the students. I obtained the cooperation of the
principals of three grade schools in Lansing, Michigan. Information and consent
forms were sent home to parents with these grade school children on a Monday. By
the following Friday, 203 signed consent forms were returned that allowed
participation in the research. During the following week, I went into each of
the schools for one day each and, using an assigned room, had a portable
treatment table set up for the purpose of performing the examination. The same
technician who had participated in the previous work was employed to record my
orally reported data. A school employee was assigned to have a child lying on
the table when I entered the room to do the examination. I did not want to see
the children walking, or receive any suggestions from observations of them
climbing onto the table, for example. I did not speak to any child before or
during the examination. I only thanked each one at the end of the examination.

As in the previously reviewed protocol, the technician guided me through the
19-parameter protocol. Heart rate, respiratory rate and cranial pulse rate were
first recorded by counting each for 15 seconds and multiplying by four to obtain
the rates per minute. Then the 19-step standardized examination was completed.

All the raw data was given to Dr. Gordon, the same statistician employed in the
previous study. Dr. Gordon was then privileged to go into the school files and
obtain information on each child participant relative to his/her school
performance such as teachers' opinions. From this exploration he developed the
categories that were used to correlate with craniosacral system examination
findings. The categories derived from the school files by Dr. Gordon were
"normal or not normal," behavioral problems, motor coordination and speech
problems, and learning disabilities. The motor coordination and speech problem
category children were all confirmed by the Motor Coordination Clinic located on
the Michigan State campus. Fortunately, all children with these problems were
seen and treated by this clinic as a part of the University's community service.

Historical data were collected by personal interviews with the parents after the
craniosacral examination had been completed. These interviews were conducted by
the research technician. From this historical data we developed the following
categories for possible correlation with patterns of dysfunction within the
craniosacral system. The historical categories decided upon were seizure
history, head injury, obstetrical complications and ear problems. Dr. Gordon
then performed all data organization and statistical analyses.

The conclusions that emerged after all this combined effort and sincere attempt
at rigorous control were:

The standardized quantifiable craniosacral motion examination represents a
practical approach to the study of relationships between craniosacral system
dysfunctions and a variety of health, behavior and performance problems.

Our data in general supported school officials' and teachers' classifications of
children as "normal" or "not normal."

Craniosacral dysfunction scores correlated very positively with classifications
of "not normal," behavioral problems, learning disabilities, motor coordination
problems and obstetrical complications as given by the parent or parents in the
patient's history.

The highest craniosacral restriction scores correlated most positively with
those children suffering from multiple problems as categorized in this study.

The results of this research were published in the Journal of the American
Osteopathic Association, Volume 77, June 1978, after rigorous review by three
referees. The article is entitled "The Relationship of CranioSacral Examination
Findings in Grade School Children with Developmental Problems" by John E.
Upledger, D.O., F.A.A.O. Both of these studies on school children have been
included in the appendix of our textbook, CranioSacral Therapy by John E.
Upledger and Jon D. Vredevoogd, 1982, available through The Upledger Institute.

My intention was to follow these two research projects with a controlled study
of dyslexic children in East Lansing. We planned to have three groups of 25
children each. The groups would be matched as best we could for age, gender, and
severity of disabilities. One group would receive CranioSacral Therapy once a
week for one school semester. A second group would receive placebo CranioSacral
Therapy in the form of head touching for 15 minutes once a week with no
therapist-facilitated correction intended. However, I was well aware of the
therapeutic effect of touch, and we would deal with this problem as best we
could by reporting spontaneous corrections sequentially on the standardized
examination forms that would be completed on every child each week. The third
group of children would receive no treatment, no touch, and no special attention
from us. All of the children were to be evaluated at the beginning and the end
of the semester for their reading skills.

The project was organized, funded and ready to go when it was sabotaged by a
young reporter who heard about it. That reporter attended the School Board
meeting where I was to get the official stamp of approval by the board. He
opened discussion about the project and published an article in the morning
newspaper headlined "MSU Professor to Use Lansing School Children as Guinea
Pigs." That was the end of that project.

Fortunately, we were reassigned by the funding agency to begin research with
autistic children at the Genessee County Center for Autism. I will discuss the
autistic work a little later. Right now it seems appropriate to bring you up to
date with my work as it was carried out with Dr. Karni. At the same time, we
opened a University-sponsored clinic for brain-dysfunctioning children that
continued from 1977 through my departure from M.S.U. in 1983.

1976-1979-During one of our regular Biomechanics Department meetings in the
summer of 1976, I put forth the request for help from our basic science faculty.
I wanted to investigate the possibility that there exists an exchange of energy
of some kind between a therapist and a patient during a hands-on CranioSacral
Therapy treatment session. Dr. Karni, the biophysicist/ bioengineer on loan to
us from the Technion Institute in Haifa, Israel, took me up on my request. At
first he was very skeptical but as things progressed, Dr. Karni became very
enthusiastic about what he was seeing.

The result of our initial work was published as "Mechano-electric Patterns
During CranioSacral Osteopathic Diagnosis and Treatment" by John E. Upledger,
D.O., F.A.A.O., and Zvi Karni, Ph.D., D.Sc., in The Journal of the American
Osteopathic Association I, Volume 78, July 1979. As a service to those of you
who may be interested, we also included this article in the Appendix of
CranioSacral Therapy by Upledger and Vredevoogd.

This work used instrumentation that Dr. Karni custom-designed and built. He
called it a Modified Wheatstone Bridge. This equipment enabled us to record
electrical potential on a polygraph along with ECG and respiratory activity. The
latter was recorded by a strain gauge mounted over the anterior diaphragm.

Our concept was that the human body could/should be considered as a bag of
electrolyte solution with insulating skin as its boundaries. With this in mind,
we placed exploring electrodes on both anterior thighs of subjects, three inches
above the superior borders of the patellae with grounding electrodes
ipsilaterally placed on the dorsum of each foot. We left the electrical noise in
the recordings. Karni used his creative expertise in physics and engineering to
get his Modified Wheatstone Bridge to algebraically add the noise deflections.
We then began to see patterns of electrical potential change within patients
that correlated to specific craniosacral techniques that I was using at the
time. We placed a screen between Karni and his polygraph, on which all of the
data was being recorded, and myself with the patient. Soon, from his polygraph
tracings, Karni was able to tell me what I was doing with the patient.

We recorded what seemed like miles of polygraph tracings. We saw that breathing
was not consistently related to craniosacral system activity. We saw that at the
onset of a still point the heart quite often gave a premature ventricular
contraction. We definitely saw that electrical phenomena were related somehow to
craniosacral system phenomena in the same body. The most exciting thing for me
was the observation that, when I found a point of release in the craniosacral
system, the craniosacral rhythmical activity stopped simultaneously with a
cessation of patient in-body electrical potential fluctuation. The electrical
potential baseline also dropped during this period of "release" within the
craniosacral system. I still believe this is probably our most important
finding, although we still do not understand the mechanics of this relationship.

Dr. Karni and I continued through 1978, when he was forced to return to the
Technion Institute in Israel. We did strain plethysmography studies on patients.
We placed sensitive strain gauges at the mid-forearms and the wrists of
patients, which would measure and record on the polygraph circumferential
changes in the arm and wrist. The gauges were Peckel's electrical resistance
high extension rubber strain gauges type 20S. They were battery powered so that
there would be no fluctuations in power source. Recordings were done for 20
minutes on each patient.

The gauges reflected the arterial pulse quite clearly. They also showed a cycled
pulse of 9 to 10 per minute. This pulse moved from mid-forearms to wrists,
usually over a period of about four-tenths of a second. We presumed this to be
what we called the craniosacral system's rhythmical activity. We also saw a
3-cycle-per-minute pulse. All three pulses were superimposed upon each other.
Rollin E. Becker, D.O., talked about a 3- to 4-cycle-per-minute pulse, mentioned
earlier. We wondered if this was it. Dr. Karni and I also did a lot of other
exploration related to Kirlian photography, acupuncture points and meridians,
and so on.

In Kirlian photographs, we saw definite increases of corona output from
patients' fingers resultant of CranioSacral Therapy. This was reported in 1978
to the International Kirlian Society Convention in New York City. We also saw
changes in electrical activity in acupuncture meridians resultant to
CranioSacral Therapy. Since then, I have often had acupuncturists evaluate the
pulses and monitor the changes that occur as I do CranioSacral Therapy. Clearly,
the system of acupuncture meridians and energies are often favorably influenced
by CranioSacral Therapy.

In late 1978, Dr. Karni returned to Israel for political reasons. He then
arranged a visiting professorship for me in the summer of 1979 at the Technion
Institute in Haifa. It was also agreed that I would do work at the Loewenstein
Hospital, a neurological institute, in Ra'anana under the direction of Professor
T. Najenson.

At Technion, we did more strain plethysmography work along with Joseph Mizrahi,
Ph.D. We confirmed the preliminary work that Dr. Karni and I had begun in
Michigan. This work was published in a journal produced by the Julius Silver
Institute of Biomedical Engineering Sciences at the Technion Institute in Haifa,
Israel, in April 1980.

At the Neurological Institute in Ra'anana, I was asked to evaluate several
comatose and/or paralyzed patients from a craniosacral point of view. All my
findings on extremities were positively confirmed by Dr. Mizrahi with his
plethysmograph. The results were as follows:

Four cases of long-standing coma secondary to anoxia displayed craniosacral
rhythms of 3-4 cycles per minute all over the body.

Two cases of long-standing coma due to drug overdose displayed rhythms of 10-25
cycles per minute all over the body.

One case of poliomyelitis with secondary residual paraplegia displayed palpable
craniosacral rhythms of 24 cycles per minute in the paralyzed limbs and 10
cycles per minute in the rest of the body.

One case of Guillian Barre Disease displayed craniosacral rhythms of low
amplitude 24 cycles per minute in paralyzed lower extremities, and low amplitude
6 cycles per minute above the paralysis.

Seven cases of spinal-cord injury displayed craniosacral rhythm of 7-10 cycles
per minute on the head and body above the cord injury, and 18-26 cycles per
minute below the cord injury. These determinations were made by palpation of the
paravertebral muscles. I was able to accurately localize the level of the
spinal-cord injury in this way with no knowledge of this level of injury from
other sources. The patients were prone in bed when I examined them.

One case of long-standing coma due to cerebral hemorrhage with secondary left
sided hemiplegia displayed a craniosacral rhythm on the hemiplegic side of 25
cycles per minute. On the normal side it was 8 cycles per minute. The
craniosacral activity on/in this patient's head was disorganized and confused.
It was not countable because it made several erratic changes each minute as we
attempted to count.

As an interesting sidelight, while I was lecturing to the hospital staff in
Haifa, it was brought to my attention that by proving cranial sutures are not
calcified, we had "reinvented the wheel." I was shown pages 202 and 203, Volume
1, in Anatomica Humana, 1931, written by Professor Guiseppi Sperino. He stated
that cranial sutures only calcify before death under pathological circumstances.
Apparently, Italian and British anatomists have a long-standing disagreement
over this issue.

Shortly after my visit to Israel, Dr. Karni suffered a heart attack. I did not
hear from him again until March 1985. At that time he was holding a visiting
professor chair at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. He
informed me that he was ready to deliver lectures that would clearly define
strains, pressures and rhythms inside the living skull. He stated that he had
been working with the Neurosurgical Department at the University to accomplish
this work. He wished to re-establish our collaborative effort because he was in
a position to confirm my palpatory perceptions with his work.

I arranged a presentation for him at a Florida medical school to be given one
month later. Two weeks from the time of our conversation, I received a call from
Yoram Lanier, Ph.D., at the Technion Institute in Israel. Dr. Karni had died
from a second heart attack a few days earlier. I still have the letter that Dr.
Karni sent me explaining his findings and work.

During the time I was at Michigan State University, I also was privileged to be
able to do dissections on unembalmed human and baboon heads. Our department was
studying spinal ligament characteristics for the Air Force, and so we received
one or two bodies each week. I was given the heads. I developed special
dissection techniques that preserved the intracranial membrane system. With
Yoram Lanier, Ph.D., a tissue expert in biomedical engineering on loan to us
from the Technion Institute, we studied biochemical changes that resided in the
intracranial dura mater membranes resultant of the fracturing of molecular
bridges between collagen fibers in these membranes. We correlated these
membranous strain patterns with skull shapes and deformities. The correlation
enabled us to study membranes and predict sutural jamming, among other
scenerios. This is a life's work for someone who is so inclined, but as a
preliminary look, it proved to be fascinating. I'm not sure how you could set up
a double-blind study or have a control group on this subject to satisfy the
experimentalists.

It was in 1977 that I became aware of fascia hanging from the free border of the
falx cerebri on many of my dissections. When I hit a tough attachment/area while
removing the brain tissue, it finally occurred to me that I could not be
damaging the falx cerebri with only the water irrigation and my gloved finger. I
showed this tissue to Dr. Retzlaff who put it under his microscope. He informed
me that this was a nerve tract running out of the falx cerebri with brain tissue
attached to its free end. The brain tissue appeared to have elements of
ventricular lining (ependymal cells) as a partial constituent. This was great.
Perhaps we had a nerve tract from the sagittal suture to the ventricular system
of the brain.

To study this, we injected horseradish peroxidase into the sagittal sutures of
two live monkeys that pharmacology was about to sacrifice. Horseradish
peroxidase is a dye that follows nerve tracts and stains them. Two days later
the monkeys were sacrificed, and Dr. Retzlaff was able to trace the nerves from
the monkeys' sagittal sutures into the ventricular system of the monkeys'
brains. This was the piece we needed to put together our Pressurestat Model for
the mechanism of the craniosacral system's rhythmical activity.

Earlier, I mentioned the research at the Center for Autism. It went on for the
first six months of 1978, 1979 and 1980. We did not publish our results simply
because we were too busy doing the work to summarize it. We did find out that
10percent CO2 - 90percent O2 inhalation therapy 2x/day for 15 minutes quiets the
autistic child. We did this because the autistic children all seemed to be
shallow breathers. I wanted to activate the respiratory reflex and oxygenate
their brains. We did nutritional counseling subsequent to the results of hair
analysis and physical findings. Most of the children were in foster homes. It
was clear that our counseling was not high priority to most of the foster
parents. We did general bodywork and CranioSacral Therapy on the autistic
children. We saw some remarkable behavioral improvements but they seemed
temporary. Regressions occurred during our six months of down time each year. It
was difficult to document change because we could find no independent specialist
who seemed able to rate the behavior of autistic children in any way that
resembled an objective quantitative manner that would lend itself to statistical
analysis. We also used time-lapse photography at 0.1 sec. to record child
movement in the classroom. This was done for two weeks. We found that when the
barometer was in motion the children were more restless. We also saw that when
the room temperature was about 72 F and the humidity was about 60 percent, the
children were the most calm and cooperative. We also found with thermographic
studies that we could warm their hands 2° or 3° C by doing the still point
induction technique used in CranioSacral Therapy. This latter observation
suggests a relaxation response in the vasculature probably via induced
sympathetic nervous system tone reduction.

All of the autistic children seemed to have very tight intracranial membrane
systems, and none of them had more than two of the 19 parameters on my
standardized examination form rated as normal motion. My impression was that
there is great energy within the craniosacral system. This energy was trying to
work against a membrane system that was too tight for the skull and brain, which
were trying to expand with normal growth.

It seemed to me that something was preventing the meninges from accommodating
the growth process that was being dictated genetically. Many things could do
this. Perhaps that was why the children that improved regressed when our
treatment was interrupted. Perhaps the membranes needed our help in order to
accommodate brain and skull growth.

The autistic children did educate me significantly about the process that we now
call SomatoEmotional Release®. This topic is covered in the book
SomatoEmotional Release and Beyond by John E. Upledger, D.O.

During the last year of our work at the Center for Autism, I wanted to test my
feeling about tight membranes and their relationship to autism. Bernard Rimland,
Ph.D., was at that time in the forefront of autism research. He had developed a
scale for autism based on the appearance or lack of appearance of development
landmarks. Dr. Rimland's scale was considered valid and reliable by the
Department of Psychology at M.S.U. I contacted Dr. Rimland and requested that he
allow me to blindly examine some of the children that he had rated. He agreed
and contacted parents, and I evaluated 63 of his rated children. I had to go to
Detroit, Chicago and Columbus, Ohio to do it, but we did it. Using my criteria
of high energy and membranous restriction for autism, I came up with 85 percent
agreement with the Rimland Scale for Autism. This confirmed my suspicions. I was
also able to determine which children were schizophrenic rather then autistic.
The schizophrenic child has low intrinsic energy and plenty of suppleness in the
intracranial membrane system. This impression was supported by the Rimland Scale
that also predicts schizophrenia. I did no further research with this approach;
I simply did not have the time.

There is just one other piece of work I did that supports the existence of the
craniosacral system. This was done on two, fresh, unembalmed bodies at the
Harvard Medical School Morgue. It was done with Cindy Rowe, P.T., who was
instrumental in gaining us entry into the Morgue, and Neil Mohon, a physicist
who came along to measure.

The brains of these fresh bodies were carefully removed through 2-inch square
holes in each parietal bone. The intracranial membranes were kept intact. Our
purpose was to see how much force on the skull and sacrum is required to move
the intracranial membrane system. Mohon was in charge of membrane markers and
force application. The heads of the bodies were stabilized and a fixed camera
photographed the skull and the marked membranes through the parietal windows. On
the unembalmed fresh body with no hydraulic force to assist, it required 48.2
grams of traction on the frontal bone to achieve perceptible falx cerebri marker
movements. Although we did not measure the force, we could also move the falx
cerebri by the application of light flexion force on the sacrum with the hand.
Further, we found that we could palpate membrane tightening with a finger before
the markers could be seen to move. We were able to move the tentorium cerebelli
by the application of lateral traction on the ears. The traction was on the
order of 60 grams.

This covers my involvement in research activities as they relate to the
craniosacral system. On the other hand, one might say that since I have been
perceiving craniosacral system activity for almost 25 years, this could be
construed as ongoing research. Research may be defined as a careful systematic
study usually undertaken in order to discover and/or establish facts and
principles. I have gotten exceptionally good results with patients using
CranioSacral Therapy, and I know that our Institute alone has trained more than
30,000 therapists in its use since its beginning in 1986, and I have files full
of letters about its successful application to patient problems. I was teaching
CranioSacral Therapy for over 10 years prior to founding The Upledger Institute,
so I suspect that there are well over 30,000 persons perceiving craniosacral
system activities on an almost daily basis. Personally, I think these
experiences count for a lot. Perhaps more than you can ever achieve in a
controlled laboratory setting.

From what I have said previously, it is apparent that the craniosacral rhythm
frequently does spontaneous stops, or still points. At these times, I suspect,
it is readjusting itself. When we add our energy to that of the patient, the
craniosacral system frequently takes advantage of this "energetic boost" in
order to do self-correction that may often involve changes in rhythmical
activity. All of us who do advanced CranioSacral Therapy know that emotion,
significant body position, significant words and thoughts can all alter and/or
stop the craniosacral rhythm temporarily.

One area of wonderment to observers of those practicing CranioSacral Therapy in
action is how these therapists are able to locate problems in the peripheral
body by the use of the craniosacral system's activity. Personally, I believe
that the most likely answer to the whole-body response to the craniosacral
system is via the effect of the rise and fall of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
pressure within the meningeal compartment of the brain. The brain, in turn,
rhythmically tones and relaxes the myofascial system via the motor nervous
system. This effect is delicate and easily inhibited by connective tissue that
is restricted and not able to respond to this gentle urging of the craniosacral
system via the motor system. These restrictions are easily found by the skilled
therapist practicing CranioSacral Therapy.

Now please allow me to briefly explain the Pressurestat Model that was developed
at Michigan State University in order to illustrate the rhythmical activity of
the craniosacral system. First, Dr. Retzlaff and I found the nerve plexuses in
the human sagittal suture along with a variety of receptors that we believed
would sense both compression and stretch of the intrasutural material. There
were also many autonomic nerve networks that followed the intrasutural
vasculature. The suture design would certainly allow small amounts of movement
between bone surfaces. Then, in the monkeys, we found the nerve tract
connections between the sagittal suture and the ventricular system of the brain.
This ventricular system incorporates the choroid plexuses that manufacture or
secrete cerebrospinal fluid. So at this point, we have a potential signaling
system between the suture and the choroid plexuses. It seems reasonable that the
intrasutural sensory receptors might signal a cessation of the production of
cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF, to the choroid plexuses when the suture is expanded
to the extent that the stretch receptors are activated. The sutural expansion or
intrasutural stretch would result from an increased volume/pressure of CSF
within the meningeal boundaries of the cranial vault. After the CSF production
has been stopped for some time, if the CSF is continually being re-absorbed into
the venous system during the stoppage, the volume/pressure of CSF within the
cranial vault would be reduced so that initially the sutural expansion or
intrasutural stretch would be alleviated. This event would be closely followed
by sutural closing that would then compress the intrasutural contents. When this
compression becomes sufficient to stimulate the intrasutural compression
receptors, the signal would be sent down the nerve tracts to the ventricular
system of the brain and cause the choroid plexuses to reinstitute CSF
production. This resumption of CSF production first results in a decompression
suture and then a re-expansion to the point of re-stimulating the stretch
receptors that in turn signal the choroid plexuses to shut off CF production.
The cycle repeats.

In order to mock up a "normal" 10-cycle-per-minute craniosacral system
rhythmical activity, we must allot six seconds for each complete cycle of
filling and partial emptying. If the rate of CF production by the choroid
plexuses is twice as fast as the rate of re-absorption of CF back into the
venous circulation, we would have three seconds for the production of CF and
three seconds for non production of CF. Assuming the rate of absorption by the
arachnoid granulation bodies to be relatively constant, this would give us the
reasonably symmetrical three seconds of expansion of the system followed by
three seconds of contraction that we seem to feel with our hands under average
circumstances.

Remember, this is just a model that could explain some of the events that occur
within the craniosacral system as we have thus far perceived them. A model is
open to modification and change as new information is brought to light. Thus
far, the Pressurestat Model remains useful.

In closing, I would state that I have spent a total of 11 years as a
professional researcher, three years in biochemistry and eight years in
biomechanics. I have worked very closely with some true experts in the field of
research. I am convinced by experience that we should not allow experimental
design to fetter human intelligence, nor should we allow it to stifle
creativity. I have also served for five years on The American Osteopathic
Association's Bureau of Research and am presently acting co-chairman of the
Research Committee of the Advisory Panel for The Office of Alternative Medicine
at The National Institutes of Health. I can clearly see a shift away from strict
experimental design towards the acceptance of outcome studies. I have yet to see
a perfectly designed research protocol involving human subjects. Over the years,
I have come to realize that controlling all of the variables in a study that
involves human beings is not possible. If you think you can do it I believe that
you are either eluding or deluding yourself. It is true that the evidence which
supports the craniosacral system has some holes in it. However, to follow the
suggestion that CranioSacral Therapy not be used because of these vacancies in
its scientific support would be to deprive thousands of patients of their chance
to heal. CranioSacral Therapy, when practiced with a mild degree of prudence, is
virtually risk-free, and it possesses the potential for great help. The outcomes
demonstrate these facts. Why not use it? We still use gravity and electricity
even though we have gaps in our understanding of how they work.

In the words of Rudolph Virchow, the highly honored German pathologist, "Absence
of proof does not necessarily demonstrate proof of absence."

A Summary of the Research that Supports the Existence of a Craniosacral System

Arbuckle B. Cranial Aspect of Emergencies in the Newborn. JAOA. May 1948;
47:507-11.


Arbuckle B. Cranial Reinforcement from a Manipulative Standpoint; Articulations,
Stress Bands, Buttressess. JAOA. 1949; 49:188-94.


Arbuckle B. Craniocervical Area. JAOA. April 1952; 52:415-22.


Arbuckle B. Early Cranial Considerations. JAOA. February 1948; 47:315-20.


Arbuckle B. Effects of Uterine Forceps Upon the Fetus. JAOA. May 1954;
53:499-508.


Arbuckle B. Scoliois Capitus. JAOA. October 1970; 70:131.


Arbuckle B. Subclinical Signs of Trauma. JAOA. November 1958; 58:160-66.


Arbuckle B. Through Cranial Base. JAOA. May 1949; 48:458-60.


Arbuckle B. Value in Rehabilitation of Cerebral Palsy Victim. JAOA. December
1955; 55:227-37.


Collected Writings of Berle Arbuckle, D.O.


Arnold W, Ilberg CV. Connections of the Cerebrospinal Fluid with the Lymphatic
System of Head & Neck.


Frankfort, West Germany: Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universitat.


Baily KG. Head Trauma in Children and its effect on Pituitary Gland. JAOA.
November 1954; 54: 208-11.


Baker EG. Alteration in Width of Maxillary Arch and its Relation to Sutural
Movement of Cranial Bones. JAOA. February 1971;70: 559-64.


Becker RE. Be Still and Know, A Dedication to William G. Sutherland, D.O.
Cranial Academy Newsletter. December 1965.


Becker RE. Craniosacral Trauma in the Adult. Osteopathic Annals. May 1976;
4:43-59.
Becker RE. Diagnostic Touch: Its Principles and Application. AAO Yearbooks.
1963, 1964, 1965; pt. I 63:32-40; pt. II 64:153-160; pt. III 64:161-166; pt. IV
65(2): 165-177.


Becker RE. Whiplash Injuries. AAO Yearbook. 1964, 91-104.


Becker RE. Cranial Therapy Revisited. Osteopathic Annals. July 1977; 5:11-40.


Becker RE. Meaning of Fascia and Fascial Continuity. Osteopathic Annal. February
1975; 3:8-32.


Beckwith CG. Headache. JAOA. April 1949; 48:385-90.


Bell WE. Clinical Management of Temporomandibular Disorders. Chicago: Yearbook
Medical Publishers; 1982.


Bell WE. Orofacial Pains. 3rd ed. Chicago: Yearbook Medical Publishers; 1985.


Bering EA. Choroid Plexus and Arterial Pulsation of Cerebrospinal Fluid. Arch.
Neurol. Psych. 1955; 73:165-72.


Billig HE Jr. Traumatic Neck, Head, Eye Syndrome. J. Int. Col. Surg. November
1953; 20:558-61.


Blood HA. Infections of the Ear, Nose and Throat. Osteopathic Annals. November
1978; 6:14.


Brierly JB, Field EJ. Connections of the Spinal Subarachnoid Space with the
Lymphatic System. J. Anat. 1948; 82:153-66.


Carlsson GE. Long Term Effects of Treatment of Craniomandibular Disorders.
Cranio-J. Craniomandibular Pract. September 1985; 3(4):337-42.


Carlsson GE, Kopp S, Lindstrom J, et al. Surgical Treatment of TMJ Disorders.
Swed. Dent. J. 1981; 5(2):41-54.


Cathie AG. Applied Anatomy of Skull and its Neuromuscular Contents. JAOA.
February 1945; 44:267-70.


Cathie AG. Fascia of the Head and Neck as it applies to Dental Lesions. JAOA.
January 1952; 51: 260-1.


Cathie AG. Growth and Nutrition of the Body with Special Reference to the Head.
AAO Yearbook. 1962; 149-53.


Coffin GS. Asymmetry of the Human Head: Clinical Observations. Clin. Pediatr.
April 1986; 25: 230-32.


Cope MK, Dunlap SH. Calibration of a Device for the Measurement of the CRI.
JAOA. September 1983; 83: 69-RES.


Cranial Academy. Expanding Osteopathic Concept. Chicago: Academy of Applied
Osteopathy; 1960.


Cushing H. Third Circulation and its Channels. Lancet. October 24, 1925;
2:851-7.


DeBattersby R, Williams B. Birth Injury: A Possible Contributory Factor in the
Etiology of Primary Basilar Impression. J. Neurol., Neurosurg. & Psychiatry.
1982; 45:879-83.


Dovesmith E. Growing Skull and the Injured Child. AAO Yearbook. 1967; 34-40.


Downs JR. Treating the TMJ Dysfunction. Osteopathic Physician. March 1976;
43:106-13.


Drew EG. Diagnosis of Acute Brain Injuries. JAOA. July 1937; 36:517-18.


du Boulay GH. Pulsatile Movements in the Cerebrospinal Fluid Pathways. Br. J.
Radiol. April 1966; 39:255-62.


Dunbar HS, Guthrie TC, Karspell B. Study of the Cerebrospinal Fluid Pulse Wave.
Arch. Neurol. (Chicago) June 1966; 14: 624-30.


Eastwood AW. Assessment of Facial Form, in Symposium on Guiding the Developing
Dentition. Dent. Clin. North Am. October 1978; 22(4):539-55.


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