De: Nelly Pointis <janel@...>
Asunto: Re: [Lyme-E] Asexual growth of Babesia bovis is inhibited by specific sulfated glycoconjugates.
Para: lyme_y_otras_zoonosis_cronicas_espanol@yahoogroups.com
Fecha: miércoles, 18 marzo, 2009 11:59

Virginia, Miguel,

No podia fijarme porque no habia yo misma probado la heparina despues de leer el estudio japones de 2003. Acabo de leerlo de nuevo y pienso que lo que dicen sobre las dosis que es necessario para tener un efecto sobre la babesia me dio un poco de susto!

a ver lo que opinais vosotros

Nelly

http://aac.asm. org/cgi/content/ full/48/1/ 236?view= long&pmid=14693545

Discussion

(...)

In this study, the IC₅₀ of heparin for the rodent babesia isolates was determined to be 16 U (81 µg) per mouse. However, ***some side effects (the occurrence of hematomas and the death of a total of four mice) were observed during treatment with either 500 or 250 U of heparin. These adverse reactions might be caused by the anticoagulation effect of heparin as a result of heparin binding to antithrombin AT-III and subsequent inhibition of the blood coagulation cascade (23, 41). Therefore,** * for babesiacidal therapy the application of heparin doses as high as those mentioned above is not recommended, even though these doses suppress parasite growth. Since we used unfractionated forms of heparin preparations in our study, it remains unknown which fraction of heparin exerts the highest degree of efficacy in the suppression of Babesia parasites without causing side effects. Further studies will be required to develop safety measures for heparin as therapy for babesiosis.

----- Original Message -----

From: Miguel Ramírez

To: lyme_y_otras_ zoonosis_ cronicas_ espanol@yahoogro ups.com

Sent: Tuesday, March 17, 2009 5:43 PM

Subject: [Lyme-E] Asexual growth of Babesia bovis is inhibited by specific sulfated glycoconjugates.

http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/18314699? ordinalpos= 1&itool=EntrezSystem2 .PEntrez. Pubmed.Pubmed_ ResultsPanel. Pubmed_DefaultRe portPanel. Pubmed_RVDocSum

J Parasitol. 2007 Dec;93(6):1501- 4.Links

Asexual growth of Babesia bovis is inhibited by specific sulfated glycoconjugates.

Bork S, Yokoyama N, Hashiba S, Nakamura K, Takabatake N, Okamura M, Ikehara Y, Igarashi I.

Institute for Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany.

In the present study, inhibitory effects of several sulfated and nonsulfated glycoconjugates were evaluated on the in vitro asexual growth of Babesia bovis. Among the selected sulfated glycoconjugates, dextran sulfate, heparin, heparan sulfate, fucoidan, and chondroitin sulfate B strongly inhibited the parasitic growth, and all but chondroitin sulfate B induced a significant accumulation of extracellular merozoites in culture. In contrast, chondroitin sulfate A, keratan sulfate, and protamine sulfate, as well as nonsulfated dextran and hyaluronic acid, did not influence the growth. These findings indicate that the asexual growth of B. bovis merozoites is inhibited by specific sulfated glycoconjugates, possibly providing us with an important insight into the molecular interaction( or interactions) during the process of the erythrocyte invasion by B. bovis merozoites.

PMID: 18314699 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

De: Miguel Ramírez <miguelramirezortega@...>
Asunto: Re: [Lyme-E] Babesia EU1
Para: lyme_y_otras_zoonosis_cronicas_espanol@yahoogroups.com
Fecha: martes, 17 marzo, 2009 8:56

Hola Virginia te pongo el artículo japonés que me pasó Nelly cuando hace unos años yo no entendía porqué me encontraba tan bien con las inyecciones de heparina de bajo peso molecular y tan mal cuando me las volvían a quitar. Al final tras varios meses de inyectarme una al día de las jeringas de mayor dosis disponibles aquí (clexane 150) dejé de sentirme mal cuando dejaba de inyectarme, tampoco he vuelto a sentir ese bienestar especial cuando he vuelto a tener que inyectarme de nuevo por unos días:

http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/ entrez/query. fcgi?cmd= Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14693545&dopt=Abstract


Growth-Inhibitory Effect of Heparin on Babesia Parasites
Sabine Bork,1 Naoaki Yokoyama,1 Yuzuru Ikehara,2 Sanjay Kumar,1 Chihiro Sugimoto,1 and Ikuo Igarashi1*
National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555,1 Division of Oncological Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8681, Japan2
Received 8 July 2003/ Returned for modification 8 July 2003/ Accepted 3 October 2003
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
References

ABSTRACT
We examined the inhibitory effects of three heparins on the growth of Babesia parasites. The multiplication of Babesia bovis, B. bigemina, B. equi, and B. caballi in in vitro cultures and that of B. microti in vivo were significantly inhibited in the presence of heparins, as determined by light microscopy. Treatment with various concentrations of heparin showed complete clearance of the intracellular parasites. Interestingly, a higher percentage of abnormally multidividing B. bovis parasites was observed in the presence of low concentrations of heparin. Furthermore, fluorescein isothiocyanate- labeled heparin was preferably found on the surfaces of extracellular merozoites, as detected by confocal laser scanning microscopy. These findings indicate that the heparin covers the surfaces of babesial merozoites and inhibits their subsequent invasion of erythrocytes.
INTRODUCTION
Babesia parasites are tick-transmitted intraerythrocytic protozoa of the phylum Apicomplexa. They affect a wide variety of wild and domestic animals and are responsible for enormous economic losses to the livestock industry worldwide (25). Moreover, some are major etiologic agents of human babesiosis (20). During the asexual growth cycle in a natural host, merozoites internalize the host erythrocytes (RBCs) via multiple adhesive interactions of several protozoan molecules with the host cell surface (45). Thus, the parasites destroy the infected RBCs, which results in severe clinical symptoms, such as high fever, anemia, hematuria, and hemoglobinuria, in the infected hosts. Therefore, understanding of the basic molecular mechanism(s) of the asexual growth cycle, particularly the process of merozoite invasion into the host RBC, may accelerate the development of effective therapeutic methods and methods for the prevention of babesiosis.
Heparin is a highly sulfated form of heparan sulfate (HS) (36) and is known to be an inhibitor of the blood coagulation system (19, 23) or as a coreceptor in the binding of fibroblast growth factor to its receptor (29). HS and heparin are complex entities composed of anionic, linear mucopolysaccharides with alternating uronic acid and hexosamine residues in which a limited set of monosaccharide units gives rise to a number of complex sequences by variable substitution with O-sulfate, N-sulfate, and N-acetyl groups (28), rendering the heparin polydisperse (26). While HS is produced in most cell types, heparin is a biosynthetically derived component of mast cells and basophils (16) and has a molecular weight (MW) of approximately 3,000 to 37,500, with an average MW of 13,000 (26). Due to the sulfate and carboxylate residues, heparin is highly negatively charged (9) and, moreover, is often used as a model glycosaminoglycan (GAG) to study the HS interaction with proteins (29).
Heparin has also been used for the treatment of patients affected by the cerebral form of Plasmodium falciparum infection (27, 30, 39). The therapeutic effect of heparin was demonstrated in rhesus monkeys experimentally infected with Plasmodium knowlesi (11). The growth-inhibitory effects of heparin were also described in in vitro studies with P. falciparum (7, 24, 38) and Theileria sergenti (14). However, the precise mechanisms of its inhibitory capacity against these hemoprotozoa are not fully understood.
In the present study, we examined the inhibitory effects of three kinds of heparin preparations on the in vitro growth of Babesia bovis, B. bigemina, B. equi, and B. caballi and characterized the inhibitory properties by light microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Additionally, the in vivo inhibitory effect of one heparin preparation against the rodent species B. microti was confirmed in mice, which has been successfully established as an experimental model for babesioses of many other animals (20, 32, 46). Finally, the mechanisms by which heparin interferes with the asexual growth cycle of Babesia parasites are discussed.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Parasites, culture media, and mice. The Texan strain of B. bovis (17), the Argentine strain of B. bigemina (21), and U.S. Department of Agriculture strains of B. equi and B. caballi (4, 18) were maintained in purified bovine or equine RBCs (4, 5, 31) with a microaerophilic stationary-phase culture system (2). Medium M199 (for bovine babesia isolates and B. equi) and RPMI 1640 (for B. caballi) (both of which were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Tokyo, Japan) supplemented with 40% normal bovine serum (for bovine babesia isolates) or normal equine serum (for equine babesia isolates), 60 U of penicillin G per ml, 60 µg of streptomycin per ml, and 0.15 µg of amphotericin B per ml (all three drugs were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich) were prepared and used as the culture media. Additionally, 13.6 µg of hypoxanthine (ICN Biomedicals Inc., Aurora, Ohio) per ml was added to the B. equi culture as a vital supplement (47), while 229 mg of N- Tris(hydroxymethyl) methyl-2- aminoethanesulfo nic acid hemisodium salt (Sigma-Aldrich) per ml was added to the bovine babesia parasite cultures as a pH stabilizer (pH 7.2) (13).
The Munich strain of B. microti was maintained by passage in the blood of BALB/c mice (32, 46). Female BALB/c mice (age, 8 weeks) were purchased from CLEA Japan (Tokyo, Japan) and were used for the in vivo studies.
Chemicals. Three unfractionated forms of heparin sodium salts were used in the in vitro growth-inhibitory studies and were designated heparin 1 (derived from porcine intestinal mucosa; Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan), heparin 2 (derived from porcine intestinal mucosa; MW, 17,000 to 19,000; Sigma-Aldrich) , and heparin 3 (derived from bovine intestinal mucosa; Sigma-Aldrich) . Only heparin 1 was used in the in vivo studies. Stock solutions of 100,000 U of the heparins per ml were prepared in double-distilled water and were kept frozen at -80°C until use. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled heparin (heparin-FITC) was obtained from Molecular Probes (Eugene, Oreg.).
In vitro growth-inhibitory assays. The in vitro growth-inhibitory assays were conducted as described by Bork et al. (4, 5). One hundred microliters of infected bovine or equine RBCs was diluted with noninfected RBCs to obtain 1% parasitemia in a 0.1-µl volume, and the mixture was subsequently suspended in 0.9 ml of a suitable growth medium supplemented with the indicated concentrations of heparin. The suspension was added to 24-well culture plates (Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark), and the plates were incubated in a humidified multigas water-jacketed incubator at 37°C for 4 days. During the incubation period, the overlaid culture medium was replaced daily with 0.9 ml of fresh medium containing the different heparins at the concentrations indicated below. In parallel, heparin-free cultures were prepared as controls. All experiments were carried out in triplicate wells (for each heparin concentration) and in three separate trials to obtain conclusive results. Parasite growth in Giemsa- stained thin blood smears with approximately 1,000 RBCs was monitored daily and was determined on the basis of morphological appearance. After 4 days of treatment, 30 µl of each of the infected and heparin-treated (at the various concentrations indicated below) RBCs was mixed with 70 µl of parasite-free RBCs and suspended in fresh growth medium without heparin supplementation. The plates were incubated for the next 10 days. The culture medium was replaced daily, and parasite recrudescence was determined by light microscopy to evaluate the parasite viability (4, 5).
Effect of heparin on the course of B. microti infection in mice. Sixty 8-week-old female BALB/c mice were divided into six groups (n = 10 mice in each group) and were intraperitoneally inoculated with 107 B. microti-infected RBCs. From days 1 to 10 postinfection, 500, 250, 100, 20, or 4 U of heparin 1 (dissolved in 100 µl of phosphate-buffered saline [PBS]) was administered to each mouse in groups one to five, respectively, and 100 µl of PBS was injected into the mice in the sixth group as a placebo control. All injections were via the subcutaneous route. The levels of parasitemia in all mice were monitored daily until 13 days postinfection by observing stained thin blood smears prepared from venous tail blood. All animal experiments were conducted in accordance with the Standard Relating to the Care and Management of Experimental Animals promulgated by the National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan.
Confocal laser scanning microscopy. Bovine and equine Babesia parasite-infected RBCs (approximately 5% parasitemia) and B. microti-infected RBCs (approximately 30% parasitemia) were collected from the cultures and infected mice, respectively, and washed three times with cold PBS. Twenty microliters of the infected RBCs was suspended in 500 µl of PBS, and then 50 µg of heparin-FITC was added. The suspension was incubated for 2 h at 4°C with gentle shaking. After the mixture was washed three times with cold PBS, thin smears were prepared on slides and fixed in 50% acetone-50% methanol for 10 min at -30°C. Subsequently, the slides were incubated with 25 µg of propidium iodide (PI; Molecular Probes) per ml containing 50 µg of DNase-free RNase (Roche Applied Science, Mannheim, Germany) per ml for 10 min at 37°C and then mounted in 50% glycerol in PBS. The slides were observed with a confocal laser scanning microscope (TCS NT; Leica, Heidelberg, Germany).
Statistical analyses. The 50% inhibition concentrations (IC50s) were calculated on day 4 of in vitro culture or on the days when the highest level of parasitemia was detected in the in vivo experiment by interpolation after curve fitting by use of Cricket Graph (Cricket Software, Malvern, Pa.). Differences in percent parasitemias were analyzed statistically by the independent Student t test, with a P value <0.01 representing a significant difference.

RESULTS
Effects of heparins on in vitro growth of cultured parasites. The in vitro growth of B. bovis was entirely arrested in the presence of 500 or 100 U of heparin 1 per ml, and a subsequent viability test revealed complete destruction of the parasite (Fig. 1A). Twenty units of heparin 1 could suppress growth but not clear the parasites from the host RBCs. The IC50 was determined to be 7 U/ml (35 µg/ml) (Table 1). The morphological phenomena observed by light microscopy showed that the parasites exposed to different concentrations of heparin showed a gradual increase in the number of abnormally multidividing forms (Fig. 1B and Fig. 2B). In particular, 20 U of heparin per ml was found to significantly increase the proportion of abnormally multidividing forms to 32% of the entire population within 3 days (Fig. 1B). On the other hand, the multidividing form was rarely observed in the control culture of B. bovis, in which a maximum of only about 4% multidividing forms was detectable. Additionally, concentrations of 20 U of heparin per ml and greater caused significant increases in the number of extracellular (free) merozoites (Fig. 2C) compared to the number in the untreated control groups (Fig. 2A). The apparent percentage of free merozoites reached a peak of 51.4% of the entire population on day 2 of culture in the presence of 20 U of heparin per ml, whereas the peak was 7.8% for the control group (data not shown).
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FIG. 1. (A) In vitro growth rate of B. bovis in the presence of different concentrations of heparin 1 (in units per milliliter). Parasitic viability was monitored in subcultures for 10 days without heparin. +, viable parasites; -, dead parasites. (B) Percentage of abnormally multidividing forms of heparin- treated B. bovis parasites in cultures. *, significant difference (P < 0.01) between the heparin-treated groups and the control group. Each value represents the mean ± standard deviation for three separate trials, carried out in triplicate.
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TABLE 1. IC50s of different heparin preparations
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FIG. 2. Light micrographs of heparin 1-treated B. bovis in in vitro culture. Micrographs were taken on the first day of no treatment (A), treatment with 20 U of heparin per ml (B), and treatment with 100 U of heparin per ml (C). Note the increase in the numbers of abnormally multidividing forms (B) and free merozoites (C) (arrows) compared to those for the controls (A). Bars, 20 µm.
In order to locate the reaction site of heparin, we observed the preincubated parasites and RBCs in heparin-FITC by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Free merozoites exclusively showed strong fluorescence on their surfaces (Fig. 3A), while the infected RBCs, including the intracellular trophozoites and noninfected RBCs, did not show any reaction (Fig. 3B).
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FIG. 3. Demonstration of heparin binding on the surfaces of free merozoites. B. bovis-infected RBCs were preincubated with heparin-FITC, followed by fixation with acetone-methanol, and were then examined under a confocal laser scanning microscope. The heparin-antigen reaction (green) and nucleus (red) were visualized by staining with FITC and PI, respectively. A diffuse fluorescence reaction was detectable only around free merozoites (A) and not on the infected RBCs (B). Bars, 5 µm.
Similar results were obtained by applying heparin 1 to the B. bigemina (Fig. 4A), B. caballi (Fig. 4B), and B. equi (Fig. 4C) cultures. One hundred and 500 U of heparin 1 destroyed the parasites irretrievably, while 20 U/ml suppressed their growth but did not destroy them. The IC50s were calculated to be 6 U/ml (30 µg/ml) for B. bigemina, 10 U/ml (51 µg/ml) for B. equi, and 29 U/ml (148 µg/ml) for B. caballi (Table 1). Similar to the findings for B. bovis, heparin caused an increase in the number of free merozoites, and heparin-FITC reacted with the surfaces of free merozoites (data not shown). However, an abnormally multidividing form, like that observed with B. bovis, was not detectable with these Babesia parasites even if heparin was applied at a concentration of 20 U/ml (data not shown). For B. equi and B. microti, division of the trophozoite form leads to the characteristic Maltese cross form (which consists of four merozoites joined at their posterior ends) (46), similar to the multidividing form observed for B. bovis. However, the percentage of Maltese cross forms of B. equi decreased in the presence of 20 U of heparin per ml (a maximum of 1.4% on day 3 of culture, compared to 6.5% for the control culture) (data not shown).
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FIG. 4. In vitro growth rates of B. bigemina (A), B. caballi (B), and B. equi (C) in the presence of different concentrations of heparin 1 (in units per milliliter). Parasite viability was monitored in subcultures for 10 days without heparin. +, viable cells; -, dead cells. Each value represents the mean ± standard deviation for three separate trials, carried out in triplicate.

In order to exclude a potential incidental effect of one particular heparin preparation, we performed parallel in vitro experiments (described in Materials and Methods) using different sources of heparins (heparin 2 and heparin 3). The IC50s of heparin 2 and heparin 3 were subsequently compared to those of heparin 1, as shown in Table 1. It was found that all heparin preparations used in this study were able to inhibit parasite growth, although the effective concentrations varied among the parasites and heparins used. Except for B. equi, the IC50 of heparin 1 was lower than those of heparin 2 and heparin 3.
In vivo effect of heparin against B. microti infection. Having observed that heparin 1 had a strong inhibitory effect on the growth of the cultured parasites, we were encouraged to investigate its in vivo effect on B. microti infection in mice (Fig. 5A). When the infected mice showed about 1% parasitemia, they received subcutaneous injections of either 500, 250, 100, 20, or 4 U of heparin for 10 consecutive days. In the treated group, the levels of parasitemia increased significantly more slowly, achieving peak parasitemias of 10% (in the presence of 500 U), 15% (250 U), 17% (100 U), and 34% (20 U) on day 8 after inoculation. In contrast, in the control group, the peak parasitemia of more than 72% occurred on day 7 after inoculation. On the basis of these peak parasitemias, the IC50 for B. microti infection was calculated to be 16 U (81 µg) per mouse. In several mice treated with 250 and 500 U of heparin, hematomas occurred around the puncture site following the injections, and among the 10 mice in each of the groups treated with 500 and 250 U of heparin, three and one mice died, respectively, following the second or third injection. As for the other Babesia parasites, a greater percentage of free merozoites was seen in the heparin-treated groups, in which the peak proportion of free merozoites of 45% occurred on day 5 in the group treated with 100 U of heparin, while the highest value did not exceed 32% in the control group (data not shown). Additionally, binding of heparin-FITC was also observed on the surfaces of free merozoites (Fig. 5B). There were no significant differences in the percentages of the Maltese cross forms among the groups (data not shown).

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FIG. 5. (A) Inhibitory effects of 500, 250, 100, 20, or 4 U of heparin 1 per mouse on the course of B. microti infection in mice. Each value represents the mean ± standard deviation for observations for 10 mice in each group. *, statistically significant differences (P < 0.01) between the group treated with 100 U of heparin and the control group; #, times of subcutaneous inoculation of heparin or the control reagent (PBS). (B) Localization of heparin-recognizing locus. B. microti-infected blood was preincubated with heparin-FITC, followed by fixation with acetone-methanol, and was then examined under a confocal laser scanning microscope. The heparin-antigen reaction (green) and nucleus (red) were visualized by staining with FITC and PI, respectively. Distinct fluorescence was detectable around free merozoites (arrow) but not the infected RBC. Bar, 5 µm.

DISCUSSION
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
References
In the present study, different kinds of heparins were found to significantly inhibit the growth of Babesia parasites. The increase in the percentage of free merozoites of all parasites tested and the occurrence of an abnormally high percentage of the multidividing trophozoite form of B. bovis might be due to the blocking effects of heparin on the invasion of merozoites into RBCs and on the release of mature trophozoites from infected RBCs. In the presence of a low concentration of heparin, some B. bovis merozoites still retained their invasive capacity and subsequently divided in the infected RBCs. However, we conclude that the heparin-exposed parasites are not able to escape from the infected RBCs, probably because they have been carried over into the erythrocytic cytoplasm, resulting in an abnormal progression to further trophozoite division in the RBCs. Functionally, the multidividing form of B. bovis is not related to the Maltese cross form observed only in B. equi and B. microti because the proportion of the Maltese cross form of these parasites never increased, even in the presence of heparin.
The study with heparin-FITC indicated the presence of a molecule(s) with an affinity for heparin on the surfaces of free merozoites. Because heparin at a high concentration completely inhibited the invasion of merozoites, the interaction between the molecule with an affinity for heparin and exogenous heparin must play a critical role in disruption of the invasion process. Previous studies with heparin-FITC- labeled Toxoplasma gondii found that the fluorescence is localized near the subapical region of free tachyzoites (6). T. gondii surface antigen (SAG3) is known to show a heparin-binding property and mediates the attachment of the tachyzoite to the cellular HS proteoglycan of host cells (22). In P. falciparum, heparin interacts with the circumsporozoite protein expressed on the surface of the sporozoite (34). The binding of the circumsporozoite protein to cellular HS proteoglycans is required for sporozoite attachment to hepatocytes (33). The molecule(s) with an affinity for heparin observed in this study might also be essential for the process of invasion of RBCs by Babesia parasites. In several reports (40, 44), the HS-like GAG was described to be located on the surfaces of RBCs, suggesting the possibility that the molecule(s) of the free merozoite with an affinity for heparin might recognize the HS-like GAG as the binding partner, similar to the HS used for recognition by some other parasitic microbes (35).
In the erythrocytic stage of P. falciparum, heparin-FITC is detectable on the surfaces of infected RBCs (3). The infected RBCs, including the mature trophozoites, are bound deep in the microvasculature, primarily to endothelial cells (cytoadherence) and also to normal RBCs (rosetting) (8, 12, 15, 42). The sequestration is mediated by P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1), which is expressed as a parasite-derived polypeptide on the surfaces of infected RBCs (43) and which adheres to HS on endothelial cells and also to the HS-like GAG on normal RBCs (3). The resultant binding of infected RBCs in the inner organs prevents the parasite from being removed by splenic clearance (10, 37). Although it has also been suggested that some Babesia parasites sequester infected RBCs in the host microvasculature (1), the mechanism has not been fully determined.
In this study, the IC50 of heparin for the rodent babesia isolates was determined to be 16 U (81 µg) per mouse. However, some side effects (the occurrence of hematomas and the death of a total of four mice) were observed during treatment with either 500 or 250 U of heparin. These adverse reactions might be caused by the anticoagulation effect of heparin as a result of heparin binding to antithrombin AT-III and subsequent inhibition of the blood coagulation cascade (23, 41). Therefore, for babesiacidal therapy the application of heparin doses as high as those mentioned above is not recommended, even though these doses suppress parasite growth. Since we used unfractionated forms of heparin preparations in our study, it remains unknown which fraction of heparin exerts the highest degree of efficacy in the suppression of Babesia parasites without causing side effects. Further studies will be required to develop safety measures for heparin as therapy for babesiosis.
The present results suggest that the Babesia parasites do not have the PfEMP1-like molecule that confers a heparin-binding property to the surfaces of infected RBCs. However, the surfaces of extracellular merozoites of equine, bovine, and rodent Babesia parasites express the molecule(s) with an affinity for heparin. Furthermore, their covering with heparin was suggested to interfere with subsequent invasion of the RBCs. It might also be possible that the HS-like GAG on RBCs acts as a host receptor for merozoite attachment. There has been no report of the presence of a molecule with an affinity for heparin on the surfaces of free merozoites of Plasmodium parasites. Further investigation of the growth inhibition caused by heparin will be helpful in providing an understanding of the process of merozoite invasion. In particular, it will be very important to identify the molecule(s) with an affinity for heparin.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and by grants from the Special Coordination Funds for Science and Technology from the Science and Technology Agency and from The 21st Century COE Program (A-1), Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan.
FOOTNOTES
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan. Phone: 81-155-49-5641. Fax: 81-155-49-5643. E-mail: igarcpmi@obihiro. ac.jp.
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Discussion
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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, January 2004, p. 236-241, Vol. 48, No. 1
0066-4804/04/ $08.00+0 DOI: 10.1128/AAC. 48.1.236- 241.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Miguel

El 13 de marzo de 2009 16:42, virginia anez <virginia_anez@ yahoo.es> escribió:

Ok. entonces estaban hablando de "heparin shots" .....   No nunca he intentado el Primaquine, justamente se lo mencione ayer a mi LLMD's PA. Le dije que queria probar otro medicamento distinto al mepron y al malarone para mi futura recaida con babesias. Es la historia de nunca a cabar. El Larium/mefloquine me ayudó, pero no es lo suficientemente potente como el mepron en mi caso.   Ya estoy fastidiada del mepron. Tengo 8 años tomandolo sólo para luego recaer sin importar que tan altas sean las dosis. La ultima vez que lo tome fueron 2 cucharaditas dos veces al dia por varios meses junto con los otros remedios clasicos para la babesia:zithro, artemisi, bactrim o clinda....AAAAAGGHH HH estoy harta!!!   Primera vez en mi vida que le digo a un "health provider" que estoy decepcionada. ...y que de verdad no quisiera tener que empezar de nuevo tratamiento con abx's a menos de que sea con medicamentos completamente nuevos para mí y que nunca halla probado. El primaquine es uno de ellos. Saludos!! --- El vie, 13/3/09, Nelly Pointis <janel@piedbauge. net> escribió: De: Nelly Pointis <janel@piedbauge. net> Asunto: Re: [Lyme-E] Babesia EU1 Para: lyme_y_otras_ zoonosis_ cronicas_ espanol@yahoogro ups.com Fecha: viernes, 13 marzo, 2009 6:20 Virginia;   LMWH=Low Molecular Weight Heparin   Has probado Primaquine para luchar contra la babesia?   Nelly     ----- Original Message ----- From: virginia anez To: lyme_y_otras_ zoonosis_ cronicas_ espanol@yahoogro ups.com Sent: Friday, March 13, 2009 4:12 AM Subject: Re: [Lyme-E] Babesia EU1 Perdon la intrusion al tema, pero qué es LMWH?   Mi babesia es tambien imposible de "ëradicar" o al menos "controlar" por un periodo de tiempo decente.   Virginia USA --- El mié, 11/3/09, Miguel Ramírez <miguelramirezortega @gmail.com> escribió: De: Miguel Ramírez <miguelramirezortega @gmail.com> Asunto: Re: [Lyme-E] Babesia EU1 Para: lyme_y_otras_ zoonosis_ cronicas_ espanol@yahoogro ups.com Fecha: miércoles, 11 marzo, 2009 3:05 Si Nelly es la impresión que tengo, además curado de la manera en que se curan las demás enfermedades, sin herxes ni historias: Me sentía fenomenal los días que me inyectaba LMWH y fatal los que no, ya que la estuve usando 3 días a la semana durante unos meses, luego lo use unos meses a dosis más altas todos los días. Cuando dejé de usarla y luego en alguna ocasión he tenido que volver a inyectarme unos días ya no me produce ningún bienestar. Es porque ya no siento nunca esa clase de malestar tipo gripe. salvo cuando tengo gripe (o algún otro virus) ¡Claro! Otra novedad que te interesará es que después de usar tini 2 gr cada 4 días por dos años, hice un descanso por 12 días y ahora un segundo descanso que intentaré al menos sea de 24 días. Pués bien voy por mi día 15 sin tini y no noto síntomas de encefalopatía peores que los que tengo usando la tini. Esto para mí es un gran avance y muy prometedor hacia mi meta de vivir algún día sin Abs. Desde luego el hecho de que la Babesia se encuentre en grandes cantidades en las glándulas salivares de Ixodes ricinus tira por tierra el mantra de tantos especialistas sobre que las picaduras de garrapata deben durar días para infectarte algo, ya les podemos cortar y decirles que Babesia sí. Mi babesiosis comenzó a los pocos días de pincharme en los dedos la misma aguja con la que intentaba suturar la matriz de una vaca pardo alpina de nacionalidad Francesa. La recuerdo bien porque fue la primera cesárea que hacía yo solo y la más complicada de mi vida, aquella matriz estaba tan inflamada que no la aguja no llegaba para unir los dos lados de la herida quirúrgica, y lo único que pude hacer a falta de agujas más largas era intentar pinchar la punta en el guante y tirar de ella. Como finalmente mi dedo adhería la punta de la aguja mejor que el guante acabe pinchándomela directamente. Si se puede transmitir con unos pocos pinchazon, no quiero pensar la que pueden organizar a base de transfusiones, la de vidas arruinadas como las nuestras, habrá después de por ejemplo accidentes de tráfico que nadie sepa explicarse. Miguel    El 11 de marzo de 2009 18:21, Nelly Pointis <janel@piedbauge. net> escribió: Miguel,   Si, recuerdo bien que parecia que tenias una babesia parecida a babesia canis y tambien otra babesia que nunca fueron identificadas con certeza.   Lo que mas me intereza en el estudio sobre la EU1 es que parece capaz y feliz de quedarse en las glandas salivarias de l.ricinus y en formas infecciosas (sporozoites) en grande cantidad. Entoncès las garrapatas pueden transmitir EU1 casi inmediatamente. No hay ninguna "safe period of attachment". Te imaginas lo que tienen en los bancos de sangre (blood banks)!   Entoncès, Miguel, piensas que la LWMH te "curo" de la Babesiosis? A mi nada me cura de esta porqueria! el Lariam se me lo queda "under control" pero si lo paro mas de unas semanas vuelven con fuerza los sintomas (especialmente del corazon).   Nelly ----- Original Message ----- From: Miguel Ramírez To: lyme_y_otras_ zoonosis_ cronicas_ espanol@yahoogro ups.com Sent: Wednesday, March 11, 2009 2:26 PM Subject: Re: [Lyme-E] Babesia EU1 Bien podría ser lo que llevo buscando desde hace una década. Recuerdas que mis Babesias serológicamente daban reacción cruzada con Babesia canis, pero que en el PCR multiespecie de Barba no podía definirla ni como canis ni como divergens. En Bowen al microscopio veían Babesias de dos tamaños diferentes entre sí y también diferentes de microti. Pues esto es a lo que estaba esperando; aunque creo que afortunadamente el desabrimiento ha llegado tarde para mí porque hace ya más de dos años que no tengo síntomas de babesiosis, concretamente desde el tratamiento con LMWH, recuerdo que me hacían sentirme increíblemente, pero que cuando tuve que dejar de inyectármelas y un tiempo después volver a usarlas ya no sentí ninguna mejoría, ni he vuelto a tener ese tipo de síntomas en todo este tiempo, salvo por algún virus ocasional. Miguel   2009/3/11 Nelly Pointis <janel@piedbauge. net> Miguel y todos,   Que opinais de este estudio francès sobre Babesia EU1?   B divergens is the only babesia they look for in humans, tests and doctors will almost systematically miss EU1 which gets transmitted much more easily as the infectious sporozoites are found in large numbers in the salivary glands of ticks   So 48 hrs minimum attachment for ticks to infect their vertebrate hosts????? Nelly http://www.cdc. gov:80/eid/ content/15/ 2/320.htm (...) Conclusions Our study shows that I. ricinus ticks are competent vectors for Babesia sp. EU1. Not only can these ticks carry Babesia sp. EU1 DNA, but more importantly, they enable these parasites to complete their life cycle up to the production of infectious sporozoites. ***Direct invasion of erythrocytes by Babesia sp. EU1 undoubtedly classifies this species in the genus Babesia, a feature generally not proven for most Babesia spp. The proportions of Babesia sp. EU1-infective ticks found in our study (3/223 from cattle farm and 2/31 from wild fauna reserve, not statistically different) are comparable to published prevalence of infected ticks (1%-2%) collected either from animals or vegetation (6-8,14,15). Whatever the biotope, Babesia sp. EU1 is always present, threatening also in anthropized zones (farming areas). ****Millions of parasites inside salivary glands were observed and could be injected to the vertebrate host, from the early stage of the tick feeding**** (11.7 mg) until repletion (277 mg), which represents a massive infection. These 2 epidemiologic features, combined with the increasing number of immunocompromised persons, should lead to more awareness of the risk related to this zoonotic pathogen. B. divergens sporozoites were ***never seen in the salivary glands of adult I. ricinus ticks, even when ticks were collected from cattle. This finding is despite the large number of ticks examined (223), the prevalence of nymphs carrying B. divergens DNA collected from the farm pastures (87% in 2007 on 113 nymphs analyzed, data not shown), as well as the infectious status of the herd (serologic prevalence 56%). We therefore raise questions about the main transmitting stage (larvae, nymph, or adult?) and about the quantitative transmission of B. divergens by I. ricinus ticks (low number of produced and infectious sporozoites? ). In Europe, human babesiosis could be caused by these 2 Babesia spp., each of which is transmitted by I. ricinus ticks but probably with different sporozoite-producti on features.

De: Nelly Pointis <janel@...>
Asunto: Re: [Lyme-E] Babesia EU1
Para: lyme_y_otras_zoonosis_cronicas_espanol@yahoogroups.com
Fecha: viernes, 13 marzo, 2009 6:20

Virginia;

 

LMWH=Low Molecular Weight Heparin

 

Has probado Primaquine para luchar contra la babesia?

 

Nelly

 

 

----- Original Message -----

From: virginia anez

To: lyme_y_otras_ zoonosis_ cronicas_ espanol@yahoogro ups.com

Sent: Friday, March 13, 2009 4:12 AM

Subject: Re: [Lyme-E] Babesia EU1

Perdon la intrusion al tema, pero qué es LMWH?   Mi babesia es tambien imposible de "ëradicar" o al menos "controlar" por un periodo de tiempo decente.   Virginia USA --- El mié, 11/3/09, Miguel Ramírez <miguelramirezortega @gmail.com> escribió: De: Miguel Ramírez <miguelramirezortega @gmail.com> Asunto: Re: [Lyme-E] Babesia EU1 Para: lyme_y_otras_ zoonosis_ cronicas_ espanol@yahoogro ups.com Fecha: miércoles, 11 marzo, 2009 3:05 Si Nelly es la impresión que tengo, además curado de la manera en que se curan las demás enfermedades, sin herxes ni historias: Me sentía fenomenal los días que me inyectaba LMWH y fatal los que no, ya que la estuve usando 3 días a la semana durante unos meses, luego lo use unos meses a dosis más altas todos los días. Cuando dejé de usarla y luego en alguna ocasión he tenido que volver a inyectarme unos días ya no me produce ningún bienestar. Es porque ya no siento nunca esa clase de malestar tipo gripe. salvo cuando tengo gripe (o algún otro virus) ¡Claro! Otra novedad que te interesará es que después de usar tini 2 gr cada 4 días por dos años, hice un descanso por 12 días y ahora un segundo descanso que intentaré al menos sea de 24 días. Pués bien voy por mi día 15 sin tini y no noto síntomas de encefalopatía peores que los que tengo usando la tini. Esto para mí es un gran avance y muy prometedor hacia mi meta de vivir algún día sin Abs. Desde luego el hecho de que la Babesia se encuentre en grandes cantidades en las glándulas salivares de Ixodes ricinus tira por tierra el mantra de tantos especialistas sobre que las picaduras de garrapata deben durar días para infectarte algo, ya les podemos cortar y decirles que Babesia sí. Mi babesiosis comenzó a los pocos días de pincharme en los dedos la misma aguja con la que intentaba suturar la matriz de una vaca pardo alpina de nacionalidad Francesa. La recuerdo bien porque fue la primera cesárea que hacía yo solo y la más complicada de mi vida, aquella matriz estaba tan inflamada que no la aguja no llegaba para unir los dos lados de la herida quirúrgica, y lo único que pude hacer a falta de agujas más largas era intentar pinchar la punta en el guante y tirar de ella. Como finalmente mi dedo adhería la punta de la aguja mejor que el guante acabe pinchándomela directamente. Si se puede transmitir con unos pocos pinchazon, no quiero pensar la que pueden organizar a base de transfusiones, la de vidas arruinadas como las nuestras, habrá después de por ejemplo accidentes de tráfico que nadie sepa explicarse. Miguel    El 11 de marzo de 2009 18:21, Nelly Pointis <janel@piedbauge. net> escribió: Miguel,   Si, recuerdo bien que parecia que tenias una babesia parecida a babesia canis y tambien otra babesia que nunca fueron identificadas con certeza.   Lo que mas me intereza en el estudio sobre la EU1 es que parece capaz y feliz de quedarse en las glandas salivarias de l.ricinus y en formas infecciosas (sporozoites) en grande cantidad. Entoncès las garrapatas pueden transmitir EU1 casi inmediatamente. No hay ninguna "safe period of attachment". Te imaginas lo que tienen en los bancos de sangre (blood banks)!   Entoncès, Miguel, piensas que la LWMH te "curo" de la Babesiosis? A mi nada me cura de esta porqueria! el Lariam se me lo queda "under control" pero si lo paro mas de unas semanas vuelven con fuerza los sintomas (especialmente del corazon).   Nelly ----- Original Message ----- From: Miguel Ramírez To: lyme_y_otras_ zoonosis_ cronicas_ espanol@yahoogro ups.com Sent: Wednesday, March 11, 2009 2:26 PM Subject: Re: [Lyme-E] Babesia EU1 Bien podría ser lo que llevo buscando desde hace una década. Recuerdas que mis Babesias serológicamente daban reacción cruzada con Babesia canis, pero que en el PCR multiespecie de Barba no podía definirla ni como canis ni como divergens. En Bowen al microscopio veían Babesias de dos tamaños diferentes entre sí y también diferentes de microti. Pues esto es a lo que estaba esperando; aunque creo que afortunadamente el desabrimiento ha llegado tarde para mí porque hace ya más de dos años que no tengo síntomas de babesiosis, concretamente desde el tratamiento con LMWH, recuerdo que me hacían sentirme increíblemente, pero que cuando tuve que dejar de inyectármelas y un tiempo después volver a usarlas ya no sentí ninguna mejoría, ni he vuelto a tener ese tipo de síntomas en todo este tiempo, salvo por algún virus ocasional. Miguel   2009/3/11 Nelly Pointis <janel@piedbauge. net> Miguel y todos,   Que opinais de este estudio francès sobre Babesia EU1?   B divergens is the only babesia they look for in humans, tests and doctors will almost systematically miss EU1 which gets transmitted much more easily as the infectious sporozoites are found in large numbers in the salivary glands of ticks   So 48 hrs minimum attachment for ticks to infect their vertebrate hosts????? Nelly http://www.cdc. gov:80/eid/ content/15/ 2/320.htm (...) Conclusions Our study shows that I. ricinus ticks are competent vectors for Babesia sp. EU1. Not only can these ticks carry Babesia sp. EU1 DNA, but more importantly, they enable these parasites to complete their life cycle up to the production of infectious sporozoites. ***Direct invasion of erythrocytes by Babesia sp. EU1 undoubtedly classifies this species in the genus Babesia, a feature generally not proven for most Babesia spp. The proportions of Babesia sp. EU1-infective ticks found in our study (3/223 from cattle farm and 2/31 from wild fauna reserve, not statistically different) are comparable to published prevalence of infected ticks (1%-2%) collected either from animals or vegetation (6-8,14,15). Whatever the biotope, Babesia sp. EU1 is always present, threatening also in anthropized zones (farming areas). ****Millions of parasites inside salivary glands were observed and could be injected to the vertebrate host, from the early stage of the tick feeding**** (11.7 mg) until repletion (277 mg), which represents a massive infection. These 2 epidemiologic features, combined with the increasing number of immunocompromised persons, should lead to more awareness of the risk related to this zoonotic pathogen. B. divergens sporozoites were ***never seen in the salivary glands of adult I. ricinus ticks, even when ticks were collected from cattle. This finding is despite the large number of ticks examined (223), the prevalence of nymphs carrying B. divergens DNA collected from the farm pastures (87% in 2007 on 113 nymphs analyzed, data not shown), as well as the infectious status of the herd (serologic prevalence 56%). We therefore raise questions about the main transmitting stage (larvae, nymph, or adult?) and about the quantitative transmission of B. divergens by I. ricinus ticks (low number of produced and infectious sporozoites? ). In Europe, human babesiosis could be caused by these 2 Babesia spp., each of which is transmitted by I. ricinus ticks but probably with different sporozoite-producti on features.

De: Miguel Ramírez <miguelramirezortega@...>
Asunto: Re: [Lyme-E] Babesia EU1
Para: lyme_y_otras_zoonosis_cronicas_espanol@yahoogroups.com
Fecha: miércoles, 11 marzo, 2009 3:05

Si Nelly es la impresión que tengo, además curado de la manera en que se curan las demás enfermedades, sin herxes ni historias: Me sentía fenomenal los días que me inyectaba LMWH y fatal los que no, ya que la estuve usando 3 días a la semana durante unos meses, luego lo use unos meses a dosis más altas todos los días.
Cuando dejé de usarla y luego en alguna ocasión he tenido que volver a inyectarme unos días ya no me produce ningún bienestar.
Es porque ya no siento nunca esa clase de malestar tipo gripe. salvo cuando tengo gripe (o algún otro virus) ¡Claro!

Otra novedad que te interesará es que después de usar tini 2 gr cada 4 días por dos años, hice un descanso por 12 días y ahora un segundo descanso que intentaré al menos sea de 24 días.
Pués bien voy por mi día 15 sin tini y no noto síntomas de encefalopatía peores que los que tengo usando la tini.
Esto para mí es un gran avance y muy prometedor hacia mi meta de vivir algún día sin Abs.

Desde luego el hecho de que la Babesia se encuentre en grandes cantidades en las glándulas salivares de Ixodes ricinus tira por tierra el mantra de tantos especialistas sobre que las picaduras de garrapata deben durar días para infectarte algo, ya les podemos cortar y decirles que Babesia sí.

Mi babesiosis comenzó a los pocos días de pincharme en los dedos la misma aguja con la que intentaba suturar la matriz de una vaca pardo alpina de nacionalidad Francesa. La recuerdo bien porque fue la primera cesárea que hacía yo solo y la más complicada de mi vida, aquella matriz estaba tan inflamada que no la aguja no llegaba para unir los dos lados de la herida quirúrgica, y lo único que pude hacer a falta de agujas más largas era intentar pinchar la punta en el guante y tirar de ella.
Como finalmente mi dedo adhería la punta de la aguja mejor que el guante acabe pinchándomela directamente.

Si se puede transmitir con unos pocos pinchazon, no quiero pensar la que pueden organizar a base de transfusiones, la de vidas arruinadas como las nuestras, habrá después de por ejemplo accidentes de tráfico que nadie sepa explicarse.

Miguel 

 

El 11 de marzo de 2009 18:21, Nelly Pointis <janel@piedbauge. net> escribió:

Miguel,

 

Si, recuerdo bien que parecia que tenias una babesia parecida a babesia canis y tambien otra babesia que nunca fueron identificadas con certeza.

 

Lo que mas me intereza en el estudio sobre la EU1 es que parece capaz y feliz de quedarse en las glandas salivarias de l.ricinus y en formas infecciosas (sporozoites) en grande cantidad. Entoncès las garrapatas pueden transmitir EU1 casi inmediatamente. No hay ninguna "safe period of attachment". Te imaginas lo que tienen en los bancos de sangre (blood banks)!

 

Entoncès, Miguel, piensas que la LWMH te "curo" de la Babesiosis? A mi nada me cura de esta porqueria! el Lariam se me lo queda "under control" pero si lo paro mas de unas semanas vuelven con fuerza los sintomas (especialmente del corazon).

 

Nelly

----- Original Message -----

From: Miguel Ramírez

To: lyme_y_otras_ zoonosis_ cronicas_ espanol@yahoogro ups.com

Sent: Wednesday, March 11, 2009 2:26 PM

Subject: Re: [Lyme-E] Babesia EU1

Bien podría ser lo que llevo buscando desde hace una década.

Recuerdas que mis Babesias serológicamente daban reacción cruzada
con Babesia canis, pero que en el PCR multiespecie de Barba no podía definirla ni como canis ni como divergens.
En Bowen al microscopio veían Babesias de dos tamaños diferentes entre sí y también diferentes de microti.

Pues esto es a lo que estaba esperando; aunque creo que afortunadamente el desabrimiento ha llegado tarde para mí porque hace ya más de dos años que no tengo síntomas de babesiosis, concretamente desde el tratamiento con LMWH, recuerdo que me hacían sentirme increíblemente, pero que cuando tuve que dejar de inyectármelas y un tiempo después volver a usarlas ya no sentí ninguna mejoría, ni he vuelto a tener ese tipo de síntomas en todo este tiempo, salvo por algún virus ocasional.

Miguel
 

2009/3/11 Nelly Pointis <janel@piedbauge. net>

Miguel y todos,

 

Que opinais de este estudio francès sobre Babesia EU1?

 

B divergens is the only babesia they look for in humans, tests and doctors will almost systematically miss EU1 which gets transmitted much more easily as the infectious sporozoites are found in large numbers in the salivary glands of ticks

 

So 48 hrs minimum attachment for ticks to infect their vertebrate hosts?????

Nelly

http://www.cdc. gov:80/eid/ content/15/ 2/320.htm
(...)
Conclusions
Our study shows that I. ricinus ticks are competent vectors for Babesia sp. EU1. Not only can these ticks carry Babesia sp. EU1 DNA, but more importantly, they enable these parasites to complete their life cycle up to the production of infectious sporozoites. ***Direct invasion of erythrocytes by Babesia sp. EU1 undoubtedly classifies this species in the genus Babesia, a feature generally not proven for most Babesia spp.

The proportions of Babesia sp. EU1-infective ticks found in our study (3/223 from cattle farm and 2/31 from wild fauna reserve, not statistically different) are comparable to published prevalence of infected ticks (1%-2%) collected either from animals or vegetation (6-8,14,15). Whatever the biotope, Babesia sp. EU1 is always present, threatening also in anthropized zones (farming areas). ****Millions of parasites inside salivary glands were observed and could be injected to the vertebrate host, from the early stage of the tick feeding**** (11.7 mg) until repletion (277 mg), which represents a massive infection. These 2 epidemiologic features, combined with the increasing number of immunocompromised persons, should lead to more awareness of the risk related to this zoonotic pathogen.

B. divergens sporozoites were ***never seen in the salivary glands of adult I. ricinus ticks, even when ticks were collected from cattle. This finding is despite the large number of ticks examined (223), the prevalence of nymphs carrying B. divergens DNA collected from the farm pastures (87% in 2007 on 113 nymphs analyzed, data not shown), as well as the infectious status of the herd (serologic prevalence 56%). We therefore raise questions about the main transmitting stage (larvae, nymph, or adult?) and about the quantitative transmission of B. divergens by I. ricinus ticks (low number of produced and infectious sporozoites? ). In Europe, human babesiosis could be caused by these 2 Babesia spp., each of which is transmitted by I. ricinus ticks but probably with different sporozoite-producti on features.