Introduction to the "Micipsa and Sanchez" inscriptions, and to the "Shaffranke stones" texts. Revisions.
John and Jan [Gnen] Molloy,
Tucson Az.
Go down about three-fifths of the way to the bottom, for the full re-analysis of the dates of, and the genealogies in the Micipsa and "David Sanchez pseudo-Micipsa" inscriptions. If you have difficulty reading our English, let me know right away.
Cordially ,
Janeane Molloy.
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The New World database discussed below is not seen anymore by us as "Diffusionist." It is seen rather as a data-driven database, driven by many long, now including several translated long genealogical- historical texts, and mostly also by new complex archaeological databases, including satellite photography of three main cities etc. , sort of like early Roman North Africa's normally historical databases.
The contemporary first century AD Micipsa-Sanchez inscriptions and the 4 New World Schaffranke stones, and also [for the fourth century AD], several sets of on there or four stones long texts and the Beth She'arin necropolis texts fundamentally overlap in terms of the same groups-clusters of people being represented.
[[The Prosopographical works used are not fully cited.]]
The Cutting of the Languages
Canary islands oral accounts [ethnohistorical and legendary accounts] stress the "Cutting of the Languages" event or events. The Canary's are seen in these accounts as being first colonized by defeated troops becoming transportees, and being mostly North and Saharan African tribal group soldiers serving Carthage, and defeated by an early Roman Army. The Punic and Latin speakers were selected out and given better non-transportee jobs in North Africa-by the Romans. The minority language soldiers were deported-transported to the western island lands.
Sanchez [2002] interpreted this event as probably late Carthaginian in date, and dating from between about 300 to about 150 BC. Juba II
indicated, as did Sartorius, that there were no inhabitants extant on the Canaries in the first century BC, but that there were abandoned buildings. There also may have been large Mastiff-like dogs there at this time.
The details of the "Cutting languages event" support a Roman colony presence on African soil-and a date from Sulla or Claudius times. The "Punic free state" was the center and the head of the trader consortium group-after Juba II"s death, according to Schaffranke stone 2; and this text places the "Cutting-event" just after the fall of Ptolemais-when the "Punic free state-Carthage-Hadra" was defeated by Claudius after he had mostly defeated the Mauritanian family resistance elsewhere. It also mentions as an early western leader, a second, later Juba, son of Ptolemais.
The Bir-ed-dreder investigators argue that the soldiers involved being buried at and in communities related to Bir-ed-dreder were mixed Libica-[Numidian-maybe Bereber speakers-writers]-and/or Carthaginian-Punic speakers-writers,-linguistically-ethnically, and were "Required'' to use Punic, and to write Latino-Punic as a civilized-civilizing language, culturally-and politically even? . We believe that this goes back to the late mid-first century AD, 'Cutting of the languages" event'[s.]
The original "Cut-languages" were not confined to North Africa, and included a number of Non-Latin-Greek-Punic languages in northern Europe also. Claudius seems to have formalized a possibly earlier partial-policy of requiring certain different cultural things of both ethnic and more defacto groups of "Civilized"-on the
one hand, and technically "Barbarian" extraction groups on the other, for some purposes and in some cases only.
These required by Claudius, beginning about 41 AD, behaviors seem to us to have been very close to ethnic cleansing, sometimes. The groups mostly involved in our set of cases were just-defeated minority Ethnic and Sub-Ethnic militarily-oriented groups in Iberia and in western North Africa. But the extended idea of "Cut" or "Cut off? from the best civilized speakers, be-ers" categories was also about a quite modern anthropological linguistic-tree, "Stem and Branch" idea about languages and linguistic origins, as in the older Jewish ideas about the Deity favoring some linguistically-defined ethnics over others, semi-permanently.
These very,
seeming to moderns at least, "Racist" ideas did not survive long intact in mainstream Roman thought, especially about German groups, after about 200 AD, but they did, oddly, survive in North Africa and in our New World texts, these mostly from the fourth and fifth century AD.
New World colonists usually did not write in either Latin or Punic scripts, directly. Again, for emphasis, Claudius had used a deportee, transportee system to send captured subject small North African free-state nation and more peripheral down in "Deserts" "Tribal" troops-who had fought for Ptolemais, and also, very often, their women and/or families, to the Canary Islands, and to Madeira, and also to So. Illinois, at least. Canary island ethnohistorical materials, sometimes seen as legendary, indicate that the transportee system continued for centuries.
There are three at least, late Roman seemingly, stone maps, surviving from the necropolis southern Illinois sites which stress "Cut stem-branches" names for several of their main city and regional place-ethnicon type names.
The names are in two scripts, one relating to Meroeitic [the non-iconic letters only-[and to Semeticized "Nubian"], and to C Winter's synthesized- proposed "Mandic;" and the other in "Our-identified" so called ''Illinois State Script" in two variants etc.-both with multiple bar [new] vowels, like the Libica on the main Micipsa inscription, and in several shorter [partly Neo]-Punic-Libica bilinguals, from Tunisia mostly.
To reiterate, Punic and Latin were mostly denied to the becoming transportee military prisoners resulting from the defeat of the Mauritanian-Numidian royal family's infrastructure supporters in Iberia, Morocco and Tunisia [41-2 AD], forced to colonize the Canaries, and also seemingly Madeira [D Sanchez 2002,]. and So Illinois also [Shaffranke stones 1-3], and also a southern SW North African Deserts colony? [Molloy and Molloy 2006.] The "Cutting of the languages event" is discussed further below, as are the indications of the Atlantic Islands foundations, on the Thugga Mausoleum-related sets of inscriptions," formerly called the "Micipsa inscription."
>
>As indicated, The "Cutting of the languages'' idea was, in a practical sense, generated for these foreign soldiers and their loved
ones by Claudius, who wrote history in Punic, and seems to have forced most soldiers remaining in North African to use Punic-mostly "Tending to Neopunic"; and, increasingly, later rulers may have forced locally recruited Numidianized "Berber etc" soldiers in North Africa to use Latinio-alphabet Punic , and also forced prisoner, often transportee, island colonials to use Non-Latin, Non-Punic "Less-civilized"-type of scripts. This "Event' actually a "Long-lasting set of events", is an integral aspect of the text materials relating to the various long Punic tending to Neopunic and Modified Numidianized Libica inscriptions, including those relating to the construction of the final phase of the Thugga Mausoleum-in about 87-88 AD, and not in 138-6 BC, as previously interpreted. This has involved our re-dating of the Micipsa inscription[s] to 87-88 AD [see below.].
>
Our own database from So Illinois indicates a probably written about 65 AD discussion of the dating of the "Cutting of the languages" event, dated at about 41-2 AD, indicated on stone 2 of the four Schaffranke stones text group, as being just after the defeat of Ptolemais, and written during the successor regime of the first successor over-governor in these colonies of Ptolemais, "Ankkn" or "Anwwn," This person had served as sub-Governor at Egyptian Thebes-earlier, probably, but see below.
The Neopunic "k" and "w" are nearly identical. Annkn[r] is a popular name in the fist century AD, and signifies a Neo-Punic scientific family-whose first known representative served Augustus in this capacity. However, the name on the two
Micipsa-Sanchez inscriptions may be Anu Un or On-and perhaps the first representative of the later On-Unu main, Judaizing Egyptian in origin probably, later mostly trader family.
"Ankkn" seems to have run both Illinois and the Canaries and Madeira overall, to the extent they had become or remained genuine organized colonies in the 40's AD. Schaffranke Stone 2 indicates that the Illinois colony was abandoned until Sexto Aili-Aelii reorganized the trade system.
The genealogical statements seem to indicate a later date, of about 65 to 70 AD, for the first formal establishment of governors in some of these colonies .
The genealogies in the Micipsa and Sanchez inscriptions are each
linked to a different so-called tribal-state or colony.
The Micipsa free-states-tribal states-colonies are Inland or Saharan North African. Three. at least, of the Sanchez inscription colonies are western sea colonies.
Ankkn was succeeded [formally-only probably] by men who seem to have been Senatorial Patrons of the Ports of Puteuli and Ostia. The two ports had two, or sometimes three governor-sub-administrators, under, and in addition to the Patron.
The administrators, also of Senatorial rank usually,, were, like most Roman governors, changed within two to three years of assuming office .The unpaid [technically] Patron served much longer, often for good behavior.
The administrators, also of Senatorial rank usually,, were, like most Roman governors, changed within two to three years of assuming office .The unpaid [technically] Patron served much longer, often for good behavior.
Ultimately, Portus replaced both Puteuli and Ostia for some to many port functions, But several regional cities group guilds of long distance traders remained in Ostia until it was destroyed by the inter-seismic event of about 249-50 AD. They seem to have come in and built their own individual "Hotel-big temple-small temple warehouse" community facilities about 30-40 years after Claudius rebuilt Puteuli as the main long distance trader facility. Puteuili seems to have remained the center for the New World consortium organized by Claudius and Sextus Aelius, and also for the Semitic speaker, very long distance traders, until about 160 AD-when most main traders groups still at Puteuli moved to Portus.
The three big Italian ports were mostly destroyed by the inter-seismic of 249-50 AD.. Recovery began about 270 AD.
Ostia, in the late Empire, became a seaside resort for lower group in status Senatorial families. Portus regained its port status and then remained partly functional as a big grain-ship port. The Port of Rome was built by Constantine 1, after three main Rome-urbs bridges over the Tiber were demolished, and a main dredge set of facilities placed in zones of the Tiber, between its mouth and Rome. But the Emperor no longer sat at Rome, and many main trader groups became focused in ports that served the Emperor and the Federal government. especially Siene, Aquelia, Arles and Antioch.
New World traders, [as indicated mostly by inscriptions], increasingly Gnostic Jews-and organized differently from the early Roman super-long distance city or city-group guilds consortium's groups ,
became centered in Puteuli, Tyre, Side-Pamphylia, Ascelon-Ramli, Alexandria, Cairo [Faustar-Babylon-Rhoda] and at Aqaba, Dendera, Abu Sha'ar, Berenike and Cherson-south [the Gold city port in upper Nubia]-and after 360 AD at the port for Nubian Sabo-probably Port Said . And at Sestyrna, Carthage, Ciudadela in Minorca, the port of Theodory x-in Cyrenaica, Rouen and Dover. And also at Baelbelo-Cerne and Zilhis in Atlantic coastal Morocco , and at Tanais-Azov city, and Gogra on the Black Sea, and also at Helgi and Upsalla in 'Great Sweden. "
Upsalla and Helgi were colonized by now identified main traders from Gogra and Tanais, ca. 260 AD, who also colonized St Davids in Wales-[from Upsalla], just after 400 AD.
Upsalla and Helgi were colonized by now identified main traders from Gogra and Tanais, ca. 260 AD, who also colonized St Davids in Wales-[from Upsalla], just after 400 AD.
Main facilities for the late Roman New World trade seem to have included a revitalized Puteuli, and
also Tyre, Ramli, Cairo [Faustar-Babylon-Rhoda], Carthage, Zilhis and Baelbelo, Ciudalela and Theudory, Cherson south, Port Said and Rhapsa, and Gogra, Dover and Helgi-Upsalla.
Main mapped or otherwise located 4th century AD New World ports include one near Cape Ann, and one near Roanoke island. And also "Barda" on the mouth of the Mississippi, x on Lake Ontario, several cities on the Mississippi in Illinois, Mo. and Iowa, including St Louis, Nauvoo-west and the western polity capital of Davenport, the Mann center on the Ohio, and especially "Koraba",, a northern polity capital city near the southern-most point of James Bay.
The southern big state capital of "On-Orm", the Bournville-Spruce Hill center, is seen on the maps as a port,
but is located on Paint Creek east of Chillicotte, Ohio. Its port on the Ohio is not known yet.
First century AD Romanized, often Neo-Punic ethnically, colony leaders
Defacto, both the Schaffranke materials and the Micipsa-Sanchez materials suggest that in-place in the actual colonies, colony leaders were drawn from the following families.
Defacto, both the Schaffranke materials and the Micipsa-Sanchez materials suggest that in-place in the actual colonies, colony leaders were drawn from the following families.
1, Post-Punic Romanizing families of the several small "Free State" client city sates of either Rome, or of the Mauritanian royal family [the last only to 40 AD], including Leptis Magnis,
Doga, x, and the "Punic State," a client of Ptolemais rather than Rome in the 30's AD , [comprising Carthage and Hadra.]
2. four "Tribal" leading families of the further south, newly Romanizing tribal states of the the Massky's, the Nazones, the Gelutians and the polity of Tecwarius.
3. The in situ royal family or double-family of the Garamantes.
4. Two main Senatorial families holding most of their lands on Corsica, the Publii Nerrotoni and the Pumpiani Vetti.
Several of the more Roman of these families served Domitian
in very special ways and were "Opposed-mostly" to the Italian Senators, whom he hated.
Two families deserve special note, the family of Cneius Sullius Septimius Flaccus, and that of the Emesan Coelii Senecioni Soissii branch of the Coelii Senecione. These two families became, about 112 AD, the main Patron families of the new Trajan-made Colonia of Mauritanina Sitif.
Older main Gallic-Italian Senatorial families especially involved in the administrating of, but not in actually going to the western seas-zones colonies, included the Sesti [Sexti] Aelii of Cosa, Puteuli, Cueta and Sestyrna. and the Maximi Asenii-of Rome and Compania.
Two
Jerusalem-Emesa-centered fancy ideation, liberal "Jewish" or at least "Judaizing" families were also involved in western colony matters, including the Emesan "Rulers", Sohenes and Izizis some-and also especially the married in twice to the Emesan house, Roman general, Festus, and second, the Herodians.
The main serving So illinois consortium, Atlantic and Mediterranean ports City-guilds traders group.
The Paul Schaffranke 4 stone Libica-related scripts-related inscriptions stones database-the now translated information on known Eurasian persons actually present- suggests an initial founding of the necropolis Burrows caves related sites as a post-Phoenician depository-necropolis zone about 10-30 AD.
There are two tombs, from the Burrows caves necropolis sites. of main leaders, probably from Cyrenaica and perhaps Motya-exhibiting late Motya coins-type headdresses and other iconography, including Cyrenaican Sylphium Flowers, seemingly dating to the "Post-independent". [post-Syracuse conquest period of mixed Greek-local ethnic rulers at Motya-[post 392 B.C. ], that is to sometime during the about ca. 300-150 BC period, probably.
Much of the recovered inscriptional material, however, indicates the indicated modifications and changes from 40 to 400 AD AD, middle to western North African and Garamante-central Saharan main origin-for many
contacters-colonists, as does the sometimes even later Gnosticized Christian, Mani and Mandean iconography-and different mixed-script Church- created scripts texts, of both the Illinois sites and the Michigan sites.
The Schaffranke stones texts [stones 1, 2] indicate a formal contact founding -[10BC-10 AD?] in So Illinois and other areas also, probably ,by a friendly mixed Romanized, Post-Phoenician-several cities, [and from Carthage-Hadra] main city guilds-type trader group using, ''Juba II's rivers- currents map-tabula.'' There is then a detailed description of traders consortium ports-home base origin centers.
Including:
1. Callieas-either Cales Portugal or one of the two south-Italy gateway-just inland trade towns, or Calles-near Ptolemais in Cyrenaica, or Callas south of Ciudadela on Minorca, or more probably, as the object of the long sentence, the Callias or Callalus of the New World.
1. Callieas-either Cales Portugal or one of the two south-Italy gateway-just inland trade towns, or Calles-near Ptolemais in Cyrenaica, or Callas south of Ciudadela on Minorca, or more probably, as the object of the long sentence, the Callias or Callalus of the New World.
2. Helios-probably the just north of Memphis and the Sekera plateau, new Romanized towns-complex situated amid the ruins of the old Royal city, in Delta Egypt,
3. Iolix, IolCaesarea,
4. The Ramlis, mixed-Romans from Ostia etc, or perhaps traders from the Ramli traders-neighborhoods of Ascelon-[later Ramli], in Palestine.
5. Quos;
Chios, or a smaller trade city on the Black Sea.
6. Baelon-Southeast of Seville.
7. Puteuli?-"Tollorin'', Compania, Italy,
8. CRM-probably Cyrene;
9. PNC-Punica-Carthage-and HD seemingly Hadra,
****10. MSS: this is the ethnic name of the Sabini trader group centered in the Sabine ports zone.
and also GD-Gades;
The main part of the text involves a discussion of fleets going to a centralized harbor 'HD", Hadra?, before going on to Gades-crossing the Atlantic, seeming finally congregating at Hadra, just before December 1.
As noted, Carthage is given simply as, "The Punic port."
This system failed and decarded with with the murder by Caligula of Ptolemais, son of Juba II, and Patron of Gades-about 40 AD, or much less probably with the violent end of the three family-Ahenobbarbi--Cornelii-Augusti trade monopoly-in 78 AD. As discussed just below, one of the
successive in generations Senatorial Sestus Alieus's, probably the one under Claudius, reorganized the traders entire infrastructure, and forced them to relocate and centralize their operations and home port facilities at Puteuli.
Caligula is indicated as being jealous over Ptolemais' role in making maps and plans, preparing for the conquest of Britain. But the next Emperor, Claudius's, accession may have aided the post-Phoenicians, as he had been Juba's II intellectual colleague. They had both written histories [in Punic-now lost] of the Phoenicians and Carthage. Some scholars used to claim that Juba II had been raised and trained with Agrippa in Augustus' private household-some by Lavinia personally- as their foster son. Seeing a less close family connection is now more politically correct.
The "Cutting Languages branches" event is next reported, as occurring immediately after Ptolemais is "Destabilized," [ca. 41-3 AD.]
An accompanying second century AD or later [as carved] created set of [of two-Schaffranke stones 3,4] of Burrows caves stones texts begins the later, post-Mauritanian dynasty family control function, history of the main organized contact with So. Illinois.
These texts in a "State Script"-type-advanced Libica-related script, with double bar vowels. have been reported by New World diffusionists [1996] as probably indicating contact by Juba II or a colleague with "Aliens,"-creating a huge and
entirely unnecessary furor, in 1996-7.
The problem is that the "Aliens" name, "Sesto Aeli" is a Senatorial family male name of three three successive Senatorial family leaders, about 40-110 AD, who were part of the then mixing Aelii-Sesti families, at the time that the main long distance [wine] traders-investors-fishing weir-fleet owners-fish sauce makers at Cosa, the Sesti, were being absorbed by the bigger Aelii family-of Gaul. Cosa was destroyed by an earthquake about 100 AD, and the family moved its main HQ to Compania, Italy. The Sesti name disappears, or becomes "Sexti," after about 120 AD.
As noted, the Schaffranke stones texts, stone 3, indicate "Sestu Aeilius,"
probably a son of the first Aelii Senator marrying a Sesti wife at Cosa, about 40-100 AD, as forcibly reorganizing the trader groups, and changing even the Atlantic port, Huelva-Cadiz trader group's home port , [the "Baetians"], and also the BZS or BZT or BZX ethnic group's home port [the Baelon tribal post-Phoenicians
groups ethnic name ]-to,'"Luc-Lux-erna"-"AilRrus"-'Baetus-Baexus-Vie' or Vigna-i.e. west Puteuli-the artificial lakes complex, Compania, Italy.
groups ethnic name ]-to,'"Luc-Lux-erna"-"AilRrus"-'Baetus-Baexus-Vie' or Vigna-i.e. west Puteuli-the artificial lakes complex, Compania, Italy.
Plutarch [Moralia Essay 71-date 67 AD?] indicates his Patron, Coelius Senecione Soissius of Emesa-[the richest Roman of the time probably], as being an organizing Senator-with Theon and an un-named New World gold trader-scientist, for the, "To the other side continents-Hermes-cultist trader's group," with Plutarch's writing the data-rich indications
about this in Moralia Essay 71, seemingly writing about 87-88 AD. Plutarch also indicates the gold trade and explorations-science research etc. as being the most basic to these New World economics.
We then loose specific Old-World data on organizing this activity until about 310-315 AD.
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We have not gone that far [about 4 lines] beyond Paul Shaffranke in re-translating-rereading the Schaffranke stones. Shaffranke ended his readings with the noting of "Sexto Aili"- on stone 3. The in 1996
allegations by Schaffranke and others that this Senatorial name "Sexto Aili" described a contact with "Aliens" materially destroyed Shaffranke's very promising employment of useful new linguistic techniques to read the 4 stone set of early Roman texts [1996-7.]
Schaffranke and his group of diffusionists had been made aware of the materials in Plutarch,. "Orb of the face of the Moon"; Moralia Essay 71; by Dr. Cyclone Covey, [Covey 1995, 1996.] These Covey materials are now republished by John White, on the "Midwest Epigraphic website", and by Tim Covey, in a set of reproduced Covey articles on the www. I had been asked by my Dissertation Director, David H Kelley, not to continue, myself, with my own study of this from-Moralia long essay-about
1988.
This material may have created an expectation in Schaffranke's mind that his idea about 'Sesto Aili" was in fact discussable with main- stream scholars. He was dead wrong!, both about the responses of main-stream scholars, and about the idea of an "Alien contact" being reported on the Shaffranke stones. Schaffranke's career [and especially his mental-health reputation] were nevertheless destroyed, wholly unnecessarily and wrongly.
There is a "Very-Classic" Mandean "Canal boat or ship" on stone 3, and an "Orca [Killer-whale]'' equal area icon on stone 4. Both icons look about 6th century AD to us, but may be earlier. The stones 3, 4 script is in use by about 300 AD. Stone 4 may in fact
contain an historical summary going into the 4th or 5th century AD. The "Orca" iconic name may refer to an early use of the Orkneys by the main traders-as a jump off ports area, for across Atlantic voyaging.
Stone 4 has five possible reading orders and will take several weeks of full time attention to study adequately. Again for emphasis, the iconography on stones 3 and 4 is later Roman to early post-Roman-but the first half of the subject matter on stone 3 is still about the first century AD. The last on Stone 3 sentence we have read may be a transition to a later Roman history statement. It says, "We went-came from Puteuli for a very long time."
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> Preliminary Draft Materials Relating to the Re-dating of the "Thugga Mausoleum" Punic-Neopunic, or "Micipsa" Inscriptions.
>
> The Libica on the main "Micipsa Inscription" has not been read-translated yet by us.
>
>
> "The Cutting of the Languages:"
>
> Meaning, Dating, other cultural Data:
>
> L A Belmonte [2005] and his colleagues have begun to take charge of Canary Islands pre-Medieval history. The other main new indications of pre-Roman and Rorman period Canaries historical materials, mostly relating to later-collected ethnohistorical stuff on the "Cutting of the Languages" episode, have been indicated for USA readers on the SIL Madrid websites.
>
> David Sanches [2002] has identified several pre-Roman or Roman period founders of Canaries and probably of Madeira colonies.
>
> All of these matters are closely related to the readings of the Micipsa inscriptions, or perhaps better now, "Thugga Mausoleum inscriptions-genealogies databases."
>
> The main later to much later collected ethnohistorical accounts of the 'Cutting of the languages" episode[s?], involve a very confused conflict between "Carthaginians" and "Romans."
>
> The only clearly dated and explanatory-fully account is from a seemingly created about 65 AD, New World, multiple stone tablets text, read, partly-translated by Paul Schaffranke and others, about 8 years ago.
>
> A later, about 350 AD stone map, from the same set of sites, exhibits four place name glosses relating to "Languages cutting stems-branches."
>
> Since the New World texts ere much nearer the events in time, than the Canaries ethnohistorical accounts, and are "Primary" sources, we must use them to explicate this historically important matter-regardless of diffusionist bias.
>
> The Micipsa Inscription and its Dates.
> ----------------
> Redating the Micipsa inscription.
>
> [[This is only a set of preliminary notes.]]
>
> A fully cited-checked paper on this is in progress.
>
> Hypothesis.
>
> The Micipsa inscription is important because of its tri-lingual character, its length and historical genealogical sophistication, and because it is now seen as the earliest defend-able example of "Advanced" or "Modified" or Latinized-Numidianized Libi'ite, or modified-
Ancient Libyan, formerly called Tifinagh by some Americans. It is also important due to its being a main issue for Libya on antiquities- [archaeological] ethics issues, originally. Redating surely will affect the site history of the necropolis-capitol zones of Thugga.
>
> If this inscription is re-dated more than a century and a half forward-from the 10th year of Micipsa 138 BC, , it will no longer be the only probable early Modified-Libi'ite one.
>
> Why re-date the Micipsa inscription?
>
> 1. The text in the far upper-register modified late Punic script seems to indicate a find-by later Roman-Romanized soldiers-architects of limited inscribed material, in Punic not Libi'ite probably, about and contemporary with Micipsa-Massinissa,on another "To the east" wall face, or other.
>
> 2. The final far lower register long line of the Micipsa inscr. has
another dedicatory statement in modified-Libi'ite and Neopunic.
>
> 3. The first genealogy of the two "Creators-dedicators" in the far lower register seemingly clearly dedicatory "We created this etc.," in Neopunic, appears to be a known from Latin-Neopunic bilinguals mostly, Leptis Magnus flamen-aedel-jefe family member sequence extending from 8 AD to about 88 AD.The second genealogy simply reads NRTSN or some look-alike in letters alternative, NRT[O?]Y[X?]N-seemingly, , son of SPT,- seemingly reading Septimius.
>
> 4. One of the SPTs in a Micipsa genealogy is a son or classificatory son of SNK, probably reading Senecio or Seneca. The name could be Sabeth, Sabet, but probably is Septimius, The name, Septimius, does not appear until after about 20 AD anywhere, and the Coelii Senecione did not get into North Africa family settlement-politics until about 70 AD.
>
>
> 5. All of this led us to test the idea that the Leptis family Neopunic genealogy at the end-in the right middle 3-4ths of the far lower register, essentially dates the inscription to the African Legate-ship of Cnaeus Sullius-Suillius [Septimius] Flaccus, 87-88 AD.
> -------------------
> The following is a set of linguistic notes only.
>
> It is intended to find-identify some of the folks on the inscription in a very tentative way. We anticipate a real paper shorty .
>
> The date suggested about 80 to 87 AD may cause you chronology difficulties. The Latinized-Numidanized-Libi'ite script text is a main issue for Garamante studies [the over-all chronology and extent of pre-Roman Punic-Numidian-Maxxi other contact, in-migrations] right now. We are not! suggesting that urban Garamante is all Roman period-50 BC forward.
>
> We anticipate that the finished paper will include a discussion of all seven known Roman military expeditionary penetrations of interior North Africa from 60 BC to about 150 AD.
>
> -------------------------------------------
>
> Variability in Neopunic and pseudo-Neopunic sounds and letter shape.
>
> Letters in this monumental tending to Neopunic script often look alike, and it is difficult to identify p, r, and b from one another, and also y, s2, g and x. Thus, in reading names, identifying persons, several trial substitutions are often required. A few of the letters involved may be differentiable better in the life-size original inscription.
>
> Restudy, somewhat tedious, suggests that, in the Micipsa inscr. Monumental pseudo-Punic or pseudo-Neopunic, l and n can substitute, but are probably not freely substitutable. Specific
instances seem nearly certain, but rules for such substitutions have not been worked out.
>
>
> A final n replaces some other word-terminating Latin letters in some Micipsa tending toward Neopunic names. In particular, final n seems to substitute for final m.
>
> The use of vowels in these particular Neo-Punic indications, and frequent use of a,o, u-y-i and ha in Punic is key. The problem of "e'' is more difficult.
>
> The modified [Latinized Numidianized] Libica is now seen by us and by workers in the Canaries and Madrid as exhibiting developed vowels, in ours at least, including-partly the double-multiple bar letters. The Tenerefe-Madrid group has not been able to easily read the modified-Libica in "Berber," especially with no vowels hypothesized. These changes in interpretation seem to us to be required to get any reasonable readings of the modified-Libica.
The Tenerefe-Madrid group notes that there are five natural languages being spoken in the core modified-Libica region by 50 BC, and we think, probably 3 by 200 BC. It seems reasonable that some modified Libi'ica was written in some form of Semitic. This does not rule out readings in some form of Berber also. For example, SW Iberic-Lycian is now read in Semitic; P-Q-Dardedoi-Conn Celtic; and "Lycian, [Buchanan 1989-91.]"
>
> One alleged sometimes as a too-diffusionist but now seemingly useful and well-argued constraint involves the Paul Schaffranke [1992, 1996] approach to defining and reading ''Ancient Berber"-"Ancient Libyan."
>
> Schaffranke disagreed sharply with some of the earlier conclusions of Bary Fell regarding the meaning of Fell's comprehensive "Libyan script" category and identified two ancient Libyan scripts and several others-tentatively, on New World stone and metal materials. The current
categories "Ancient Berber"-"Ancient Libyan" included the now recently partly discarded Earlier rubric's "Proto-Tifinagh-Ancient Tifinagh" scripts, One script he called Latinized- Numidianized Libica, now often called modified-or Numidianized-Libica.
>
> This script adds, substitutes 8 letters into the assumed partly as basic earlier Ancient Libyan, from Numidian or Latinized Numidian.
>
> The other script is a more basic Semitic, seemingly originally derived from a form of eastern Semitic. It is also often seen as being introduced into Tunisia and Libya, earlier than the other script.
>
> Schaffranke argued that the later Numidianized Libica script should be read in some form of Semitic, and not in Berber.
>
> He then tried to translate the four so-called Schaffranke stones from a So. Illinois, USA [allegedly] provenience. Stones 3 and 4 only are
in recognizable Numidianized Libi'ite.
>
> The Tenerife-Madrid group has existentially followed his ideas and nomenclature, fairly closely. They also indicate that it is not easy to find readings for the Modified- Libi'ite in Berber-related languages.
>
>
>
>
> ---------------------------------
>
> Full citations are not provided in trans-Atlantic sends. We will not publish without providing such full citations-before hand.
>
> No discussion of western [Canary Islands and other] inscriptions in modified-Libi'ite is provided in this send.
>
> We will be sending another send on reading the Modified-Libica in the Micipsa inscr., and on other inscriptions.
>
>
> ---
> ---
>
>
Diffusion is always iffy as a historical-archaeological explanation. But using diffusionist ideas-models-sources is necessary in writing island history, and especially in writing the history of the Canary Islands, Madeira and the Cape Verdes.
>
> The foundation of the Canaries colonies is the issue here, and also is the fact of the initial Roman Empire period foundation of Madeira occupation as well.
>
> David Sanchez [2002], using "Another inscription" from Thugga, in addition to the usually seen as main Micipsa inscription, has recently provided data on three founders of Hiero and Madiera.
>
> These include NKKN-ANikkin'[r?], son of PTY, given as PLY in the Micipsa; Sept or ShPT the son of PP; and PPU the son of BBU, actually seemingly also PPU. [This scripts doubled letters are identical in the two names, and could also be RR or some mixed combination.]
>
> We established, in discussing the Micipsa main inscription, that one of its dedicators [in Neopunic] was Nerotonus-Nerrotonus-Nerotius son of SPT-Septimius.
>
> Spt, [Cneius Sullius Septimius Flaccus] seems to have been the son of Publius Nerotonuss, or of his son, Nerotonuss.
>
> Publius had gotten into difficulty with Puppea some, and had been exiled by Nero, finally [to Corsica], after being accused of-tried for orchestrating some of Nero's more notorious play-games. The younger, a son, Nerotonus had been given half of his estates.
>
> Pumpianus Vettius 2, [PPw or PPy?] son of Pumpianus, [PPw or PPy] became, about 76 AD , the main teacher-keeper of Domitian, under a program created, [in Corsica also], by Vespasian for his believed then as mentally-challenged second son. Domitian's main "Servis suis" there, under Pumpiansus, were Magoni and Hannon-balianis,
probably the Magoni and Hannon, on the Micipsa as main architect officers.
>
> If SPT was a a natural son of Puppea and Publius Nerotomus, he was, but the genealogical reference may better be indicated as simply SPT son of PB-Publius [Nerotonus]
>
>
> These folks were of-essentially formed a minority Non-Italian, partly-ethnic party, being a partly Corsican-Sardinian, partly North African set of elite families, also having connections to the Baeleric's. They seem to have become main servants of Domitian, who had, after his accession, created a terrible pogrom-type kill down on main Italian Senators, and even on their families. But Domitian is also recently seen as being a very competent administrator, choosing provincialized unpopular, dark-horse and even occasionally dark-ethnic no 1's and 2.s.
>
> Another figure on the Micipsa. SNK, perhaps Coelius Senecio
Siossies-soissius 2, of Emesa, also inherited main Senatorial power as the result of Domitian's anti-Italian Senate policies.
>
> The Magonis were particularly successful post-Punic ethnics and later became "Hereditary Legates" in Baelon, and in the Cadez-Huelva area, by 110 AD.
>
> The David Sanchez [2002] attributions of SPT, 'niikn-Ankkn-NKKN and PPU, [Pumpianus Vettius 2?] as founding main centers in the Canaries-Madiera are very likely, given their connections to Domitian, as successful non-Italian supporters, and other connections to Baelerics-Corsican Islands estates control functions, and certainly to navigation-trade investment.
>
> Ankkn-NKKN seems to have been classified as s son of Ptolemais of Mauritiania, given inscriptionally as PTY and PLY, and in the correct generation. We have a second-later "Juba"-JB individual on Stone 3 of the "Schaffranke stones group,"
from the So Illinois caves necropoli. Thus, the legend about Juba 3 also being son of Ptelemais of Mauritania may be a true story. But only NKKN is present in the Thugga records, so far.
>
> -----------------------------
>
>
> The following old main part of this communicaton was written mostly before we began to evaluate the David Sanches 2002 www paper. There may still be inconsistencies between the below and the immediately above.
>
>
> Dating, id's of persons.
>
> This send is very preliminary. Sometimes full identifications of famous Romans are not provided. Only the Punic and Neopunic materials are discussed-on others-not ours!-initial translations. But some readings have been modified.
>
> The dating of the Micipsa inscription depends partly on the character of early Roman
Tunisia-Libyan political units.
>
> The upper-register Punic-script materials tend toward Monumental Neopunic sometimes, and the lower-register separate signature statement is in Neopunic.
>
>
> --------------------------------------------------------------------
>
>
> ---------------------------------------------------------------------
> The first "in Punic" or in ours pseudo-Neopunic genealogy simply mentions a "Temple." stela or wall face, to the east, where Micipsa was indicated in his 10th year, 138 BC, and the dedication to his father, Massinissa, the son of Gaia, the son of x.
>
> This lost, but copied-preserved record, seemingly but not yet certainly in Punic, not modified Libica, was saved by the military architects making the "Micipsa inscription."
>
>
> The last, far lower register signature genealogy statement in this inscription is in Neo-Punic-and also a short segment in modified Libica, , strongly suggesting a date after about 50 BC.
>
> The genealogy in this signatures statement includes Hanno [Annon] 4, son of Itnebal-Itenibal-Idenbal?-Itenibal, son of Anibal. [Idnebal-Itenabal] was a Leptis Magnus "Architect and builder" and flamen-aedel functioning politically about 60 AD.
>
> Anebal, his father, was similarly employed, and fl. about 20-40 AD, and was the son [or grandson?] of Hanno-bal 1, inscribed in Leptis Magnis bilingual Latin-Neo Punic inscriptions, as functional ceremonially-politically beginning in 8 AD, to about 22 AD.
>
> There were two Leptis Magnus Hanno's fl ca. 80-90 AD. One was Hanno, the son of Hanno, the son of Hanno, the son of Magoni. The other was Hanno, the son of Adenbal-Atenbal.
>
> Hanno [Annon] 4, the son of Atnebal, also a main master-builder-architect, functioned about 60-90 AD.
>
>
>
> This bottom, end-of-inscription dedication statement , seems good evidence that the Micipsa inscription dates to about 4 generations after 1 BC. The Neopunic dedicatory indicates NROSN or NROX[Y]N, NRTY[O]N, son os SPT "Also created", along with HANNON, whatever was being created. Spt and his son are identified below.
>
> If the stone involved was a seating stone in the mausoleum-necropolis, as claimed, then it was seemingly built in 80's AD, probably a rebuild of an earlier edifice dedicating a mid-late 2nd century BC Numidian ruler's burial. Unfortunately, the architecture was entirely rebuilt re-assembled-restored after the stone was stolen, destroying genuine proveniences too much. In any event, the necropolis, as a main structure,
is thus dated to about the time of the rest of the early Roman structures at Thugga.
>
>
> Nerotonnus 1. was the father of Suillius Publius, active under Claudius, exiled by Nero, charged with directing many of Nero's atrocities, but not killed-and exiled to Minorca or Majorca. He was the father of Nerotonnius 2, active 70-85 AD, who was given half of his estates.. Since Septimius Flaccus is also Suillius Flaccus, he would seem reasonably to be the son or brother of Nerotonnus 2 probably. Thus, the one on the inscription as a son of Spt, Septimius, shows also a structural likely hood that Spt 1 is in fact Cnaeus Septimius Suillius Flaccus.
>
>
>
>
>
> The first in Punic, tending to Neopunic script genealogy [following the Micipsa-Massinissa in Punic earlier inscr.. copy record], indicates, ''in the time or year of the jefe Spt
-from [out-of?, son-of?] NGM, son of, successor of Tnkw", seemingly Tacferinas .W probably equals F sometmes in Punic-Neopunic NGM can be NXM or sometimes NSM depending on the exact shape of the letter. The indication may well be, "In Sept's control time, they [the soldier builders] came from Naxomens, and he was a successor of Tnkw-Tacfarinus " or perhaps "Sept followed the "Nasomes-man", following Tacferinus." Cnaeus Septimius [Suillius-Sullius] Flaccus did take over the Nasomes area and act as a judge for the Nasomes in 86-7 AD.
>
> Then we have, [mss-kwy], seemingly the ethnic designator Mas[g]kys-or Maxxis; and then MGN son of [the Berber] Yrstn, successor of the Sdyln or Sida-man or from Sida maybe. But we now think that Sdyln is Sidonin, with the "l" an n, referring either to the 200 BC Punic general Hannibal-sometimes epitheted "Sidones", or more probably-reasonably to an ethnic-political category name, Sidonen, for the original
Leptis traditional polity area of Syrtis, the by then, 88 AD, Maxxi's new homeland, between Cyrenaica and central northern Tunisia. Yrstyn is dated about 40 AD . Thus, the most likely role for Sdynn here is as a geo-political [and sub-ethnic] category tag.
> -----------------------------
>
>
> gld-gym Gelutianes? [sp. not checked] Garmas?---- ShMR,
>
> ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> -------------------------------------------------------------
>
> Two other families have been more tentatively identified.
>
> One of the genealogies reads Asyn [or MGN] the son of 'NKKN-ankkn? the son of PTS etc., and 'RS [Arys] the son of Spt. No Arys late enough to be a genuine son of Septimius Flachus-Flaccus easily is indicated. Flaccus last recorded date
in any official capacity is 87 AD. Arys is a name popular from about 40 to 70 AD, three persons, officials at Leptis, related to these dates, being mentioned. Septimius Macer and his "Brother" are attested as early as about 85 AD, probably. Cnaeus Sullius-Sullius [Septimius] Flachus-Flaccus may well have been active earlier than 86-7 AD, in the south, as a regimental officer. But not probably as a political Jefe, super-flamin, defacto free state ruler. Spt ben?
>
> Sept son of, or successor of "Ngm ?" Sept here is probably a successor as main "ruler in Tacferinus areas", and should not be there before about 86 AD, but is also given as jefe-ruler "King.''
>
> ----------------------------------------------------
>
> Original notes on MGN later Magoni n ours, see above.
>
> MGN
>
> MGN can read Magnus or Magon,. or
perhaps G=Y and X also visually h in our printouts MYN-MXN-MHN'dt, in Punic reading 'Imperator."
>
>
> -----------------------------------------------
> Notes on MGN-not synthesized yet.
>
> m's 150 P Magnius Rufus Magonianus-hereditary legate etc. several times, offices etc. Baetia. cos. 112.
>
> 278
>
> Mago client of Vettius Pompusianus, caretakers of Domitian in Corsica , cf..Magonis and Hannibalianus, Servis suis
> sf. cons. 70, 75 etc.wrote constitutional defense of Vespasian, -Domitian relegated to Corsica .
>
> Find P Magnus Rufus Magonianus.
>
>
> 278s-c 70, 75, Domitian conserved in Corsica, and two Servis suis, Magonis and Hannibalis.
> --------------------------------------------------
>
> -------------------------------------------------
>
> The genealogy: 'syn or Asyn the son of 'nkkn, or Ankkn, the son of Pts. seems to relate to the family of Ptolemais of Mauritania .Ptolemais' daughter Drusilla, one of four confused in identity Drusillas in the late Ptolemid-Numidian family database [20-55 AD] , and others went to Athens-and also seem to have had estates in-near the Egyptian Thebes. She seems to be the "Lost princess" of an Egyptian inscription, about 45-60 AD, and may be linked kinwise to Nkknr [either Iulius or Iunius], governor and flamen at this time in Egypt. Another earlier Akener or Nikener was a philosopher pal of Augustus.
>
> The Asyn-'syn in the genealogy may be, despite the unexplained alpha, Soheni, Asoheni,? husband of this Drusilla. The final consonant in Micipsa inscr Monumental tending to Neopunic names often changes to n. Thus, Sohemus may have
been changed to Sohenus in the Neopunic.
>
> But the name should be Asenius, and we have a strong candidate for the other Asyn-'syn in the Micipsa inscr. genealogies, the candidate named Q Asenius Marcellus, actually two candidates, a probable father and son-same name, the first, consul in 54 AD, Patron of Ostia and Puteuli, and a main trade-system investor-controller, and the second, consul in 91 AD. .
>
> 'NiKKN may or may not have been a full or half- brother, or son of Drusilla, this Drusilla 1, d. of Ptolemais, not to be confused with Drusilla 2, d of Ptolemy Philadelphias, and Drusilla 3, d. of Herod, and Drusilla 4 etc. Drusilla 1 married Sohemis, [Soehens] but her cousin Drusilla 2, married Azizis, his older brother. .
>
> Ptolemais' daughter is wrongly alleged sometimes as the "Not real" daughter of Ptolemais and Julia Irania of Emesa, sometimes also said not to be of
the Emesan line, but a freed-woman. .
>
> Again, the family of Ptolemais went to Athens-after his murder, later commemorated by a statue of "Juba the Libyan", and then later to Emesa.
>
>
>
> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> .
> Leptis and Oea and Sabratha all became Free States clients of the Empire, just before 1 BC.The Proconsul of Africa here about 34 AD , and "Legate" after about 35 AD ruled de facto, but there was also seemingly a yearly jefe-"King.''
>
> The third and fourth genealogies, indications of military builders on Micipsa, written in Punic stress Spt as main ruler at the time Micipsa was finished. This particular Septimius is earlier than Lucius Septimius Severus, main new Senator- client of the first patron of Mauritania Sitif,
X Senecio-not seemingly Sossius but one of the contemporary Roman Senecione. He is probably also earlier?? than [Septimius] Macer, grandfather of the later emperor, Septimius Severus.
>
> Spt is also given as son of Snk possibly indicating an adoptive relationship to the Senecio becoming first patron of M Sitif-for a later Spt, but to Sossius for an earlier one-probably.
>
> There is good evidence that this Spt is Septimius Flaccus, also known as Cnaeus Suillus Flaccus. Festus-72? AD had conquered and stabilized a Roman military occupation in the Garamante. But there is data that one of the Garamante rulers, one of two originally, was not removed-and that Garamante soldiers were recruited for the Roman army. Flaccus, and this ruler?", [[[like the later Iulius Maternus-128 plus AD???, and one of the Garamante rulers]]] not named in Tacitus, ran an expedition south beyond lake Chad, in part to study the trade
and animal capture situations for the arena. Flaccus acted as Legate to the Garamante king, as the Legate in Nazonnes tribal zone , and also acted as Arbiter for the Nason[m]ians, -judge for the other free states disputes in the south, and may have been in the south for quite a while-to after 88 AD. We believe that Flaccus was Lucius's father and maybe the father of Macer as well.
>
>
> -----------------------------------------------
> The last-fourth written in Punic genealogy in the inscription is that of Doga, called here ''Lesser Thugga or Doga", not Thugga. the capital of this small Doga free state located about 44 miles south of Leptis. The names in of this family and two others in the Lesser Duga inscriptions are Latinized with n,l replacing p and/or as the last consonant. The family here were also master builders, and paid also for road constructions etc. The people include ZMR, son of
Mypn-Mgpn-Msnp-M[s]nl, son of x, son of Bd[s]mn-Bdag[or x]mn or less probably Bdaymn???. Mg[or y[x]nl and Bdmn are commemorated in mile-post dedications of roadside statues near Lesser Doga.
>
> ZMR is both a Spanish name and a name from Sabine land-but later, SMR is a name of sons of Sabinus and Saberis , and also a name later from Auxume.
>
Shmr. SMR is a known name in later?? Garamante inscriptions.
>
>
> Again as partly noted above, The MGN who is main commander in Micipsa may be a late Mago, Magonid family member. But MYN-MHN-'t is a appellation of "Imperator" in the Augustine period, on local Tunisian Punic, Neo-Punic inscriptions, and the Y-X-H? may have metathesized to G. The Emperor should be Domitian.
>
>
>
>
>
> There may or may not be two Spts on the
inscription, one, the son of SNK, possibly Lucius Septimius Serverus? the main subordinate client of the first Senecio [Lucius himself?] at Mauritania Sitif, The date, not supported by the rest of the data, favors Trajan's early-reign visit to North Africa, but the idea that Flaccus was a main client of Sossius, seems far more likely, indicating one SPT in the inscription. .
>
> This leaves two in-Punic genealogies to identify and the long elaborate Libi'ite part of the inscription to read. Another Mgn is indicated as the son of Scopt, probably Scopo, [The vowel O is a smaller version of the dot in part-circle for T.] This individual is probably that of a Scipio.
>
>
> The dates in the 80's to 90's of the latest folks already identified in the Micipsa inscription date the inscription, almost certainly.
>
> The interesting suggestions of Deckan et-al that the
inscription is mid-third century AD, on the basis of then contemporary Senatorial and Emperor names, are not supported. But neither is the date that of Micipsa. It is about two and a quarter centuries later. The full functioning Latinized-Numidianized Libica-with the not always right to left but the sometimes l-r, down, r-l etc. spiral reading sense, was thus in place by about 85 AD.
>
> We very much need to find out if the Libica was suddenly synthesized-invented by mixed Latins-Neo Punic intellectuals, or developed slowly earlier.
>
> This indication is very preliminary, subject to change-updating, and needs to be updated with a cultural study of the Neo Punic period small Free States in Tunisia and Mauritania-Numidia,-and Garamante.
>
> The long Libica text seems to us now to be the record of the Garamante client rulers-but is it? .
>
>
> ---------------
>
The Plutarch expedition.
>
>Plutarch Moralia Essay 71 notes a projected expedition, organized by Plutarch, the physicist Theon, and some of his math-science discussant group to inland North Africa.
>
A retired physicist, mining scientist and gold trader [not-named] had returned from a "Far western sea area," and had brought a scientific and locational information indicating more information on the subject to be found in a Tomb in central-inland North Africa. The group seemed to believe that they could find and enter the tomb area and obtain the data, and were planning to do so. [The data seem perhaps to have been a hard -copy mosaic floor or wall-painted map of trade routes to the west.]
>
The date is about 86-87 AD.
>
> The issue is whether some of the discussant group was along when the
construction relating to the Micipsa inscription was underway, and whether the original inscription to Mcipsa and Massinissa was related to the sought-for Tomb area.
>
> The SNK "Father" of SPT could refer to the presence of Coelius Senecione Sossius, patron of Plutarch. The question becomes, were other discussants there, in 88 AD?
>
> We have not checked Plutarch on the names of his discussants, except for the remembered physicist-mathematician, Theon.
>
>
> ---------
> Notes:
>
>
> On Other Scripts:
>
> Recent research indicates that a group of inscriptions exist in Meroe, Meroeitic Auxume, Garamante?, and in Michigan-Illinois, having similar non-normal Egyptian HG script characteristics. These are partly, seemingly, late syllabary, nearly-alphabetic Egyptian, or
other derivative kinds of texts scripts, present after about 200 BC.
>
> Later, 300 AD-forward, Semitic-Ethiopic scripts letters mixed with atypical Egyptian HG texts become popular in the Egyptian eastern desert oasis cities, and in the Michigan-Illinois database, mostly in initial Gnosticizing-Christianizing contexts.
>
> The first such mixed Egyptianizing -Semiticizing texts occur in late first to early second century AD contexts in Heterodoxing Jew community Palestine, and involve proto-Coptoid and so-called artificial Cruptic alphabets-or Hebrew -mixed.
>
> These Jew to Gnosticizing groups-created scripts, that when found in New World contexts, were thought until last year to be crude falsifications. The scripts are there, and elsewhere, linked to, associated with Gnosticizing, Manichee-related, and especially later in Michigan, Mandean iconics-iconographies and
portraiture.
>
> In the after 300 AD texts, Egyptian Hieroglyphs are often mostly-restricted to personal, political-polity and astronomical object, event names. Rare large, single-cartouche Iranian [Avesta-Pahlavi] glygers are also introduced-mixed-in , seemingly becoming iconic-logo-graphic in nature after 400 AD. This seems reasonable in view of the Manichean Mandean thinking-recording involved.
>
> There are also implications here perhaps, for the earlier, after 250 BC, different processes formation of Epi-Olmec script.
>
> John and Gen,
> Tucson, AZ.
Jose Luis Santos Fernández <terraeantiqvaeblog@...> wrote:
Bulla Regia fue la capital, en el siglo II a.C., de uno de los tres reinos númidas creados por Roma tras la muerte de Masinisa. El reinado largo y pacífico de Micipsa (MKWSN en inscripciones del libio y del púnico) 148-118 a.C., desempeñó un papel importante en la consolidación de la guerra humana y económica que oponía al rey Jugurta de Numidia a Roma.... (... continúa)Saludos,José Luis Santos
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