translated by HeYafu
　

VERBS:SIMPLE AND COMPOUND TENSES



SIMPLE TENSES

These are the verbs we have seen so far (mi parlan, yi skribin, hi
legon, mu pensuz, ktp)


COMPOUND TENSES

They are formed with the auxiliary verb ESI (to be, there is/are) and
a participle.

What are the "participles"?. They are words that are formed from
verbs and can perform different functions: as adjectives, nouns or
adverbs.

They can be "active", indicating the agent of an action,
or "passive", indicating the people or things that suffer the effect
of an action.

In this lesson we will only cover the active participles that are
formed by adding the endings - ONTA, - ANTA, - INTA, to the verb, for
the future, present or past tense.



The auxiliary ESI specifies the TIME (Present, Past or Future)

OF THE SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE.


The PARTICIPLE specifies the TIME of the action.





Examples with active participles.


----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------
María esan fermonta la fenestro.
(María is going to close the window.)

Maria esan fermanta la fenestro.
(María is closing the window).

Maria esan ferminta la fenestro.
(María has closed the window.)


----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------
María esin fermonta la fenestro.
(María was going to close the window)

Maria esin fermanta la fenestro.
(María was closing the window)

Maria esin ferminta la fenestro.
(María had closed the window.)


----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------
Hi eson edukonta nova lesono.
(He will be about to teach a new lesson)

Hi eson edukanta nova lesono.
(He will be teaching a new lesson.)

Hi eson edukinta nova lesono.
(He will have taught a new lesson.)

　


In Ulango, the simple tenses are preferred, provided that they are
not ambiguous or vague.

Instead, we use participles performing functions of adjectives, nouns
and adverbs.



----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------

Examples of adjectives

Present: - anta.

Fluganta birdo (A bird that is flying)

Past: - inta.

La velkinta floro (A withered flower = that withered)

Future : - onta.

Mortonta besto (a mortal beast = that will die)


----------------------------------------------------------------------

Examples of nouns

Present: - anto.

La mortanto (a dying person) kuxan sur la bedo.

Hi esan komencanto (a person that is starting or beginning).

Novyorko havan milionos da lojantos (inhabitants).

En la kongreso esin multa ceesantos (assistants)

Mi havan korespondantos (correspondents) en Europo, Azio ko Afriko.


----------------------------------------------------------------------

Past: - into.

La mortinto (the dead, the person who died) esan en la tombeyo
(cementery).

La venkinto (the winner) ricevin la trofo.

Edison esin la inventinto (inventor) de la fonografo.


----------------------------------------------------------------------

Future : - onto.

Mu, la mortontos (the mortals, who will die), esan pilgrimantos en
tiu ci mondo.

La partoprenontos (participants, that will participate) de la pikniko
devan porti la manjilaro (cutlery).


----------------------------------------------------------------------

Examples of adverbs

Present: - ante

Legante (reading) mi pensan.


----------------------------------------------------------------------

Past: - inte

Trikinte kafo (having had a coffee) mi foririn (I left).


----------------------------------------------------------------------

Future : - onte

Faronte io (having to do something) mi pensin pri la advantajos ko
disadavantajos de mia projektos.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------