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VERBS: COMPOUND TENSES


In the previous lesson we studied the verbs that are formed with
active participles which make the "active voice".

We will see now those that are formed with passive participles, which
make the "passive voice".

The PASSIVE VOICE is formed with the auxiliary ESI and the passive
participle of the main verb, whose endings are:


Future -OTA
Present -ATA

Past -ITA


The subject in passive voice is called "patient", because
it "suffers" or receives passively the action indicated by the verb.
The agent of the action is preceded by the preposition DE (by, of).

If we use the same examples of the previous lesson , we have:



La fenestro esan fermota de María.
The window is going to be closed by María.

La fenestro esan fermata de María.
The window is closed by María.

La fenestro esan fermita de María.
The window has been closed by María.




La fenestro esin fermota de María
The window was about to be closed by María.

La fenestro esin fermata de María.
The window was closed by María.

La fenestro esin fermita de María.
The window had been closed by María.





Nova lesono eson edukota de la profesoro.
A new lesson is going to be taught by the professor.

Nova lesono eson edukata de la profesoro
A new lesson will be taught by the professor.

Nova lesono eson edukita de la profesoro
A new lesson will have been taught by the professor.



A sentence in active voice can be transformed into passive voice and
vice versa. When we transform a sentence in active voice into passive
voice, the subject of the sentence becomes the agent (preceded by the
preposition DE), and the direct object of the active voice becomes
the subject (patient) of the passive voice. Example:

Active voice: Ludoviko esan skribanta letero (Louis is writing a
letter).

Passive voice: Letero esan skribata de Ludoviko (A letter is written
by Louis).


The passive participles can also perform functions as adjectives,
nouns, or adverbs.


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Examples of adjectives

Present: -ata

Domo konstruata (a house in construction, being built)

Past: -ita

La perdita tempo (the time lost)

Future: -ota

Skribota letero


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Examples of nouns

Present: -ato

La lovato (the loved one)

Past : -ito

La kondamnito (the condemned)

Future: -oto

La egzamoto (the person that will be examined)


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Examples of adverbs

Present: -ate

Future: -ote

Past: -ite


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Suffix uy-: It designates a container

Sukro: sugar Sukruyo: sugar bowl
Salo: salt Saluyo: saltcellar
Geldo: coin Gelduyo: purse
Lavi: wash Lavuyo: washbasin
Bani: bathe Banuyo: bathtube



La saluyo ko la sukruyo esan sur la tablo.

En la bancambro esan lavuyo ko banuyo.

En tiu uyo xi havan bombonos ko alia dolcacos (sweets).

Kie esan la saluyo ko la sukruyo?. Ju esan sur la tablo.

Kie esan la lavuyo ko la banuyo?. Ju esan en la bancambro.

Kio xi havan en tiu uyo?. Xi havan bombonos ko alia dolcacos.


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Suffix -ing-: It designates an object that contains another, case.

Sigareto: cigarette Sigaretingo: cigarette holder
Glavo: sword Glavingo: sheath


Por fumi Enriko uzan sigaretingo.

La konkeranto eltirin la glavo el la glavingo.

Cu Enriko fuman sigaretos?. Yes, sed hi uzan sigaretingo.

Kio farin la konkeranto?. Hi eltirin la glavo el la glavingo.

　

Suffix -um- It is used to form words that have a vague relation with
the root and cannot be expressed with any other suffix. The words
with this suffix are limited.

Proksa: near proksume: approximately
diswarma: cold diswarmumi: to have a cold
kruco: cross krucumi: to crucify
plando:sole (of the foot) plandumo: sole (of the shoe)
kalkano: heel (of the body) kalkanumo: heel (of the shoe)
kolo: neck (of the body) kolumo: collar (of a shirt, etc.)
mano: hand manumo: cuff (of a sleeve)
aero: air aerumi: to air
vento: wind ventumi: to ventilate


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Proksume je la deku morne mu devon esi en la flughaveno (airport).

La wetero esan disarmega. Mi ne havan surtuto. Mi diswarmumon.

La plandumos ko kalkanumos de hia suos esan eluzita (worn).

La kolumo de ci tiu xirto esan tro biga por mi. Mi aceton alia xieto
kum dismor biga kolumo.

En Afriko la wetero esan tre warma. Esan necesa multa wentumilos.


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Suffix -estr-: It refers to the boss, superior or chief.

Urbo: city Urbestro: mayor
Polico: police Policestro: police chief
Xipo: ship Xipestro: captain

La urbestro de mia urbo esan mistulo Alvarez.
La estraro de la firmio (the company authorities).

La estraro de la kongreso.

Hodie la estro de la governmento ne akceptan intervidos (interviews).